A Menagerie of Promotional Characters: Promoting Food to Children through Food Packaging

Reducing the volume, exposure and negative impacts of advertising for foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children: A systematic review of the evidence from statutory and self-regulatory actions and educational measures

“…Twenty-eight studies collected data or obtained commercial monitoring data on food advertising, and used this information to assess advertising content, usually over time, to determine the success of actions (Adams et al, 2012;AFGC, 2012;ASC, 2010;Batada and Wootan, 2009;Brindal et al, 2011;Effertz and Wilcke, 2012;EU Pledge, 2010, 2011, 2012FTC, 2012;Hebden et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2012;King et al, 2011;Kolish and Hernandez, 2012;Kunkel et al, 2009;Ofcom, 2008Ofcom, , 2010Potvin Kent et al, 2011b;Powell et al, 2010;Quilliam et al, 2011;Rudd Center, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012bSpeers et al, 2011;Taras and Gage, 1995). The aim of these studies was to determine whether advertising content had changed as new actions were implemented.…”

“…Actions included total bans on all advertising, bans on advertising of foods HFSS during specific hours, length of advertisements, and advertising of healthy food products, with the aim of reducing the volume of, and children's exposure to, advertising of foods HFSS, Body Mass Index, health costs, and improving diet. Twenty-five studies reported on the impact of self-regulation by industry (AFGC, 2012;ASC, 2010;Batada and Wootan, 2009;Brindal et al, 2011;Effertz and Wilcke, 2012;EU Pledge, 2010, 2011, 2012FTC, 2012;Hebden et al, 2011Kolish and Hernandez, 2012;Kunkel et al, 2009;Potvin Kent et al 2011a, 2011b, 2012Powell et al, 2010;Quilliam et al, 2011;Rudd Center, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012bSpeers et al, 2011). Actions included voluntary codes not to advertise foods HFSS during children's programming or directly to children under 12 years.…”

“…The remaining studies investigated more specific time points. Some studies provided detail on why they had sampled data in this way, for example, including a mix of weekdays and weekends and avoiding holiday periods (Effertz and Wilcke, 2012;Hebden et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2012;Potvin Kent et al, 2011b;Taras and Gage, 1995). The nutrient criteria used to analyse advertising content was considered especially important in relation to assessing the strength of a study's findings.…”

“…Studies were funded by a range of organisations including national research funders (Adams et al, 2012;Potvin Kent et al, 2011b), health advocacy groups (Batada and Wootan, 2009;Kunkel et al, 2009), charities (Powell et al, 2010;Rudd Center, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012bSpeers et al, 2011), government departments and organisations (Brindal et al, 2011;FTC, 2012;King et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2012;Ofcom 2008Ofcom , 2010 and industry (AFGC, 2012;ASC, 2010;Kolish and Hernandez, 2012). A small number of studies did not declare funding (Effertz and Wilcke, 2012;Hebden et al, 2011;Quilliam et al, 2011;Taras and Gage, 1995).…”

“…Studies by academics/governments/advocacy groups representatives -Eighteen studies were carried out by these groups (Batada and Wootan, 2009;Brindal et al, 2011;Effertz and Wilcke, 2012;FTC, 2012;Hebden et al, 2011;King et al, 2011;Kunkel et al, 2009;Potvin Kent et al, 2011a, 2011b, 2012Powell et al, 2010;Quilliam et al, 2011;Rudd Center 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012bSpeers et al, 2011). Eleven studies were from the US (Batada and Wootan, 2009;Kunkel et al, 2009;Powell et al, 2010;Quilliam et al, 2011;Rudd Center, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012bSpeers et al, 2011), three from Australia (Brindal et al 2011;Hebden et al, 2011;, three from Canada (Potvin Kent et al, 2011aKent et al, , 2011bKent et al, , 2012, and one from Germany.…”