“…Derivative-free nonlinear optimizers have been applied in the context of black-box optimization (Santarelli and Pellegrino, 2005;Calvel and Mongeau, 2007;Tenne and Armfield, 2007) or simulation optimization (Bengu and Haddock, 1986;Safizadeh and Signorile, 1994;Barton and Ivey, 1996;Bhatnagar and Kowshik, 2005;Kao and Chen, 2006;Horng and Lin, 2009). For problems dealing with discrete variables, classical optimization methods, such as branch and bound, have seen limited application (Čiegis and Baravykaite, 2008) mainly because most of the literature has focused on the application of metaheuristics.…”