A membrane-based force generation mechanism in auditory sensory cells.

Kalinec, Federico; Holley, Matthew C.; Iwasa, Kuni H.; Lim, David J.; Kachar, Bechara

doi:10.1073/pnas.89.18.8671

Cited by 222 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Kalinec et al (1992) reported that the cytoplasmic structure was disrupted by the injection of trypsin into the OHC; however, the electromotility of the OHC, indicating the activity of prestin, was not diminished. Moreover, it has recently been reported that the voltage-dependent nonlinear capacitance, which is thought to indicate the motor activity of prestin, was measured from prestin-transfected human embryonic kidney cells despite trypsin being injected into the cells (Dong and Iwasa 2004).…”

Section: Membrane Preparation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous morphological studies of OHCs using EM and AFM revealed the lateral membrane of OHCs to be densely covered with particles approximately 10 nm in diameter (Arima et al 1991;Forge 1991;Kalinec et al 1992: Souter et al 1995Le Grimellec et al 2002), these particles being believed to be motor protein. Two membrane proteins, i.e., a fructose transporter, GLUT-5 (Géléoc et al 1999), and an anion/ sulfate transporter, prestin (Zheng et al 2000), were proposed to be this motor.…”

Section: Imaging Of Membrane Protein Prestinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existence of many particles, 10 nm in diameter, in the plasma membrane has been shown using the freeze-fracture technique (Arima et al 1991;Forge 1991;Kalinec et al 1992;Souter et al 1995). These densely packed 10-nm particles in the lateral membrane of OHCs are thought to be motor protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy of the Plasma Membrane of Prestin-Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Murakoshi

Gomi

Iida

et al. 2006

JARO

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The high sensitivity of mammalian hearing is achieved by amplification of the motion of the cochlear partition. This cochlear amplification is thought to be generated by the elongation and contraction of outer hair cells (OHCs) in response to acoustical stimulation. This motility is made possible by a membrane protein embedded in the lateral membrane of OHCs. Although a fructose transporter, GLUT-5, was initially proposed to be this protein, a later study identified the gene of the motor protein distributed throughout the OHC plasma membrane. This protein has been named Bprestin.^However, although previous morphological studies by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) found the lateral wall of OHCs to be covered with 10-nm particles, believed to be motor proteins, it is unknown whether such particles consist only of prestin or are a complex of GLUT-5 and prestin molecules. To determine if the 10-nm particles are indeed constituted only of prestin, plasma membranes of prestin-transfected and untransfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which do not express GLUT-5, were observed by AFM. First, the cells attached to a substrate were sonicated so that only the plasma membrane remained on the substrate. The cytoplasmic face of the cell was observed by the tapping mode of the AFM in liquid. As a result, particle-like structures were recognized on the plasma membranes of both the prestintransfected and untransfected CHO cells. Comparison of the difference in the frequency distribution of these structures between those two cells showed approximately 75% of the particle-like structures with a diameter of 8-12 nm in the prestin-transfected CHO cells to be possibly constituted only by prestin molecules. Our data suggest that the densely packed 10-nm particles observed on the OHC lateral wall are likely to be constituted only of prestin molecules.

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Section: Membrane Preparation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imaging Of Membrane Protein Prestinmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy of the Plasma Membrane of Prestin-Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Murakoshi

Gomi

Iida

et al. 2006

JARO

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“…However, prestin appears to be unable to diffuse from the lateral wall to the basal pole, even upon degradation of the cytoskeleton (Takahashi and Santos-Sacchi 2001). Likewise, receptors and ion channels in the basal pole do not migrate to the lateral wall (Kalinec et al 1992;Zhang and Kalinec 2002). Therefore, some other mechanism organizes and preserves the molecular composition of these membrane areas, and it is conceivable that the OHC actively maintains a distinct lipid composition in each of the three regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Lateral Mobility in Cochlear Outer Hair Cells: Regional Differences and Regulation by Cholesterol

Organ

Raphael

2009

JARO

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The outer hair cell (OHC) lateral plasma membrane houses the transmembrane protein prestin, a necessary component of the yet unknown molecular mechanism (s) underlying electromotility and the exquisite sensitivity and frequency selectivity of mammalian hearing. The importance of the plasma membrane environment in modulating OHC electromotility has been substantiated by recent studies demonstrating that membrane cholesterol alters prestin activity in a manner consistent with cholesterol-induced changes in auditory function. Cholesterol is known to affect membrane material properties, and measurements of lipid lateral mobility provide a method to asses these changes in living OHCs. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we characterized regional differences in the lateral diffusion of the lipid analog di-8-ANEPPS in OHCs and investigated whether lipid mobility, which reflects membrane fluidity, is sensitive to membrane cholesterol. FRAP experiments revealed quantitative differences in lipid lateral mobility among the apical, lateral, and basal regions of the OHC and demonstrated that diffusion in individual regions is uniquely sensitive to cholesterol manipulations. Interestingly, in the lateral region, both cholesterol depletion and loading significantly reduced the effective diffusion coefficient from control values. Thus, the fluidity of the OHC lateral plasma membrane is regulated by cholesterol levels in a non-monotonic manner, suggesting that the overall material properties of the lateral plasma membrane are optimally tuned for OHC function in the native state. These results support the idea that the cholesteroldependent regulation of prestin function and electromotility correlates with changes in the properties of the lipid environment that surrounds and supports prestin.

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“…In OHCs, however, the basolateral plasma membrane itself is further divided into two structurally and functionally different regions. The lateral region lacks voltage-gated channels but holds thousands of integral membrane proteins ( 7000/lm 2 ) (Gulley and Reese 1977;Forge 1991;Kalinec et al 1992;Huang and Santos±Sacchi 1993;Kalinec and Kachar 1995;Souter et al 1995;Holley 1996;Santos±Sacchi et al 1997). These integral membrane proteins are currently associated with the motor molecules responsible for the reversible and very fast changes in cell length known as OHC electromotility (Geleoc et al 1999;Zheng et al 2000;Belyantseva et al 2000;Oliver et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Microdomains in the Lateral Plasma Membrane of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells

Zhang

Kalinec

2002

JARO

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The basal and lateral regions of the plasma membrane of cochlear outer hair cells are structurally and functionally distinct. The lateral region contains thousands of motor proteins but few voltage-gated channels. The basal region, conversely, contains a high number of voltage-gated channels but is devoid of motor proteins. It has been suggested that the cortical cytoskeleton is responsible for maintaining this regional distinction. Toward elucidating the structure of the outer hair cell's electromotile mechanism, we investigated the physical organization of the lateral plasma membrane in living guinea pig outer hair cells by analyzing the distribution pattern of the anionic long-chain carbocyanine SP-DiIC 18 (3) within this area, before and after electrical stimulation and with an intact and a disrupted cytoskeleton. We observed punctate, intensely¯uorescent patches as well as areas of weaker¯uorescence, with clear local maxima and minima, upon labeling the cells with this membrane-soluble probe. This discrete distribution of SP-DilC 18 (3) suggests that the lateral plasma membrane of guinea pig outer hair cells may be composed of small structural domains (microdomains). Disrupting the cytoskeleton with either trypsin or toxin B from Clostridium dif®cile did not change this pattern of distribution, thus indicating that this treatment did not facilitate the lateral diffusion of the probes. Electrical stimulation using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, on the other hand, induced two responses: fast motility and reversible displacement of the¯uo-rescent probes. Both responses were inhibited by internal perfusion with salicylate, while disruption of the cytoskeleton did not inhibit OHC fast motility but affected the electrically induced redistribution of¯uo-rescent probes. Together, these results suggest that the lateral plasma membrane of guinea pig outer hair cells contains structural microdomains and that the cytoskeleton does not appear to be playing a major role in maintaining the lateral separation of these distinct molecular regions.

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A membrane-based force generation mechanism in auditory sensory cells.

Cited by 222 publications

References 32 publications

Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy of the Plasma Membrane of Prestin-Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy of the Plasma Membrane of Prestin-Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Lipid Lateral Mobility in Cochlear Outer Hair Cells: Regional Differences and Regulation by Cholesterol

Structural Microdomains in the Lateral Plasma Membrane of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells

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