A megastudy of text-based nudges encouraging patients to get vaccinated at an upcoming doctor’s appointment

Milkman, Katherine L.; Patel, Mitesh S.; Gandhi, Linnea; Graci, Heather N.; Gromet, Dena M.; Ho, Hung S.; Kay, Joseph S.; Lee, Timothy W.; Akinola, Modupe; Beshears, John; Bogard, Jonathan E.; Buttenheim, Alison M.; Chabris, Christopher F.; Chapman, Gretchen B.; Choi, James J.; Dai, Hengchen; Fox, Craig R.; Goren, Amir; Hilchey, Matthew D.; Hmurovic, Jillian; John, Leslie K.; Karlan, Dean; Kim, Melanie; Laibson, David; Lamberton, Cait; Madrian, Brigitte C.; Meyer, Michelle N.; Modanu, Maria; Nam, Jimin; Rogers, Todd; Rondina, Renante; Saccardo, Silvia; Shermohammed, Maheen; Soman, Dilip; Sparks, Jehan; Warren, Caleb; Weber, Megan; Berman, Ron; Evans, Chalanda N.; Snider, Christopher K.; Tsukayama, Eli; Bulte, Christophe Van den; Volpp, Kevin G.; Duckworth, Angela

doi:10.1073/pnas.2101165118

Cited by 241 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Straightforward, low-cost nudges may be effective in this regard. Two recent large-scale studies in the United States found that vaccination appointment reminder messages from healthcare providers increased influenza vaccine uptake 53 , 54 . Similar interventions have proven effective in increasing immunization in LMIC contexts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

Arce

Warren

Meriggi

et al. 2021

Nat Med

Self Cite

830

716

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Widespread acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for achieving sufficient immunization coverage to end the global pandemic, yet few studies have investigated COVID-19 vaccination attitudes in lower-income countries, where large-scale vaccination is just beginning. We analyze COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 15 survey samples covering 10 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa and South America, Russia (an upper-middle-income country) and the United States, including a total of 44,260 individuals. We find considerably higher willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine in our LMIC samples (mean 80.3%; median 78%; range 30.1 percentage points) compared with the United States (mean 64.6%) and Russia (mean 30.4%). Vaccine acceptance in LMICs is primarily explained by an interest in personal protection against COVID-19, while concern about side effects is the most common reason for hesitancy. Health workers are the most trusted sources of guidance about COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from this sample of LMICs suggests that prioritizing vaccine distribution to the Global South should yield high returns in advancing global immunization coverage. Vaccination campaigns should focus on translating the high levels of stated acceptance into actual uptake. Messages highlighting vaccine efficacy and safety, delivered by healthcare workers, could be effective for addressing any remaining hesitancy in the analyzed LMICs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

Arce

Warren

Meriggi

et al. 2021

Nat Med

Self Cite

830

716

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, scare tactics may also have unintended consequences, such as increasing message avoidance (Kok et al, 2014) or exacerbating existing stressors (Stolow et al, 2020). Messaging strategies that emphasize the pro-social implications of preventative measures, that focus on evidence-based health communications, or that "nudge" behavior in a contextually appropriate manner (Kreuter and Wray, 2003;Campos-Mercade et al, 2021;Heffner et al, 2021;Milkman et al, 2021) without increasing psychological distress may be preferred during health crises.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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The COVID-19 pandemic has led many people to suffer from emotional distress. Previous studies suggest that women process and express affective experiences, such as fear, with a greater intensity compared to men. We administered an online survey to a sample of participants in the United States that measures fear of COVID-19, perceptions about health and financial risks, and preventative measures taken. Despite the empirical fact that men are more likely to experience adverse health consequences from COVID-19, women report greater fear and more negative expectations about health-related consequences of COVID-19 than men. However, women are more optimistic than men regarding the financial consequences of the pandemic. Women also report more negative emotional experiences generally during the pandemic, particularly in situations where other people or the government take actions that make matters worse. Though women report taking more preventative measures than men in response to the pandemic, gender differences in behavior are reduced after controlling for fear. These results shed light on how differences in emotional experiences of the pandemic may inform policy interventions.

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“…When people realize that their own shots also protect those who cannot be vaccinated, such as children and individuals with an immunodeficiency, vaccination intentions increase. Recent research on influenza vaccination further indicates that scheduling appointments for shots and sending messages reminding individuals about vaccination opportunities prior to primary care visits could boost vaccination rates at low costs (Milkman et al, 2021). In conclusion, incentives may work, but the cost-benefit ratio seems questionable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Payments and freedoms: Effects of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intentions in Germany

Sprengholz¹,

Henkel²,

Betsch³

2021

Preprint

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Monetary and legal incentives have been proposed to promote COVID-19 vaccination uptake. To evaluate the suitability of incentives, an experiment with German participants examined the effects of payments (varied within subjects: 0 to 10,000 EUR) and freedoms (varied between subjects: vaccination leading vs. not leading to the same benefits as a negative test result) on the vaccination intentions of previously unvaccinated individuals (n = 782). While no effect could be found for freedoms, the share of participants willing to be vaccinated increased with the payment amount. However, a significant change required large rewards of 3,250 EUR or more. While monetary incentives could increase vaccination uptake by a few percentage points, the high costs of implementation challenge the efficiency of the measure and call for alternatives. As experimental data suggest that considering vaccination as safe, necessary, and prosocial increases an individual’s likelihood of wanting to get vaccinated without payment, educational campaigns should emphasize these features when promoting vaccination against COVID-19.

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A megastudy of text-based nudges encouraging patients to get vaccinated at an upcoming doctor’s appointment

Cited by 241 publications

References 10 publications

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Payments and freedoms: Effects of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intentions in Germany

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