“…This could be related to the stable conditions at AR, implying lower energy challenges than for birds inhabiting more heterogeneous environments such as FJ (Cavieres & Sabat, ). In the Northern Hemisphere, studies have found that individuals at sites with more benign conditions often have lower corticosterone levels than those at sites exposed to harsher condition (Addis, Davis, Miner, & Wingfield, ; Boelman et al., ; Krause, McGuigan, Bishop, Wingfield, & Meddle, ; Krause, Meddle, & Wingfield, ; Walker et al., ; Wingfield, Kubokawa, Ishida, Ishii, & Wada, ; Wingfield et al., ). However, in some species inhabiting harsh environments such as the arctic where the breeding season is short, CORT levels are low during the parental care, most likely to preserve the only possible reproductive attempt (O'Reilly & Wingfield, ).…”