A mechanical model for the computation of phenolic foams in compression

Gontier, Camille; Bouchou, Abdelhake; Vinot, C.

doi:10.1016/s0020-7403(01)00019-4

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The organic foam had a compression strength of 0.45 N/mm 2 , which was comparable to those of the phenol foams. [24][25][26] Thus, the organic PUF foam can be a potential precursor for preparing N-containing monolithic activated carbon. The compression curve (not shown) presented a brittle failure mode, which was similar to those of phenol-formaldehyde foams and tanninbased foams.…”

Section: Characterization Of Organic Puf Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compression curve (not shown) presented a brittle failure mode, which was similar to those of phenol-formaldehyde foams and tanninbased foams. 1,[24][25][26] Three distinct regions, linear elastic, collapse and densi¯cation were shown in the stress-strain curve. The N 2 adsorption-desorption analysis results showed that the S BET of the organic foam in this study was very low (less than 1 m 2 /g); thus, the organic foam had to develop the pores for CO 2 and H 2 adsorption applications by activation.…”

Section: Characterization Of Organic Puf Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Zhao

Luo

Fan

2017

NANO

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New monolithic nitrogen-containing microporous cellular activated carbon was successfully prepared from phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) organic foam for CO 2 and H 2 adsorption and was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), a mechanical testing machine, N 2 -sorption and H 2 /CO 2 sorption. The carbon yield was approximately 50% for carbonization and the burn o® for activation ranged from 40% to 56%, which linearly increased with activation time. The macroporosity corresponded to the connected network of cells with diameters ranging from 100 m to 600 m, and the pinholes in the cell walls had diameters ranging from 1 m to 2 m. The micro/mesoporosity is located at the inner surface of the cells. Thus, higher adsorption kinetics than usual from activated carbon are expected. The developed carbon with the highest S BET (1674 m 2 /g) and highest V DR (0.86 cm 3 /g) contained 1.5% nitrogen, had a CO 2 adsorption capacity of 3.53 mmol/g at 298 K, and had an H 2 adsorption capacity of 1.9 wt.% at 77 K, both at atmospheric pressure (1 bar), which were among the best in activated carbons from physical activation.

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Section: Characterization Of Organic Puf Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Organic Puf Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Zhao

Luo

Fan

2017

NANO

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“…Since PF exhibits excellent fire resistance and low thermal conductivity , it can retard the burning rate , reduce the level of smoke formation , decrease the extent of poisonous fumes, and prevent the formation of molten droplets . These characteristics make PF more suitable thermal‐insulated material compared with expanded polystyrene and polyurethane foams. Therefore, PF attracts much attention in many fields where fire resistance is necessary, such as in architectural materials, military and civilian aircrafts, refrigerator cars, and naval vessels .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, PF attracts much attention in many fields where fire resistance is necessary, such as in architectural materials, military and civilian aircrafts, refrigerator cars, and naval vessels . Moreover, PF is also used as cushioning and packaging materials due to its good mechanical properties especially under compression . However, friability and pulverization are major disadvantages of PF that limit wider applications of this material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability of phenolic‐formaldehyde foam/silica nanocomposites via in situ polymerization

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2015

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Phenolic foam (PF) displays excellent flame, smoke, and toxicity (FST) properties and good insulation properties. Nevertheless, the friability and inferior mechanical properties of PF have critically restricted its application in many fields. A series of phenolic foam/silica nanocomposites (MPF) with different silica contents were synthesized by in situ polymerization in this study. During the in situ polymerization process, the synthesis of phenolic resin/silica nanocomposites and formation of chemical bonding between the components were generated simultaneously. The reactive principle between silica nanoparticles and prepolymer was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the results of FTIR indicated existence of the chemical reaction between them. Meanwhile, silica can act as "bridge" to form crosslinked network structure. The mechanical, thermal, and friability properties of MPF nanocomposites were characterized. Moreover, the results of microstructure of pure PF and MPFs indicated that the cell size distributions of MPFs are narrower, the cell distributions of MPFs are more uniform, and the cell wall thickness of MPFs is thicker, compared with pure PF. When the content of silica sol was 2 wt%, the compressive strength, compressive modulus, and tensile strength were increased by a factor of 47.37%, 38.55%, and 57.14% compared with that of pure PF, respectively. Furthermore, all MPF nanocomposites exhibited better thermal stability and lower pulverization ratio than that of pure PF. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2783-2793, 2015

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“…Crushable foams are suitable solution in the field of shock mitigation and impact absorption applications because of their incombustibility, cost, complex compression behavior, and high energy absorption capabilities [1]. In safety applications, accurate predictions of behaviour of shock absorber materials are extremely important because the experimental work is a resource hungry process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Large Deformation and Failure of Expanded Polystyrene Crushable Foam Using LS-DYNA

Shah

Topa

2014

Modelling and Simulation in Engineering

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In the initial phase of the research work, quasistatic compression tests were conducted on the expanded polystyrene (EPS) crushable foam for material characterisation at low strain rates (8.3×10 −3 ∼ 8.3×10 −2 s −1 ) to obtain the stress strain curves. The resulting stress strain curves are compared well with the ones found in the literature. Numerical analysis of compression tests was carried out to validate them against experimental results. Additionally gravity-driven drop tests were carried out using a long rod projectile with semispherical end that penetrated into the EPS foam block. Long rod projectile drop tests were simulated in LS-DYNA by using suggested parameter enhancements that were able to compute the material damage and failure response precisely. The material parameters adjustment for successful modelling has been reported.

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A mechanical model for the computation of phenolic foams in compression

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability of phenolic‐formaldehyde foam/silica nanocomposites via in situ polymerization

Modeling Large Deformation and Failure of Expanded Polystyrene Crushable Foam Using LS-DYNA

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A mechanical model for the computation of phenolic foams in compression

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO2 and H2 Adsorption

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO2 and H2 Adsorption

Enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability of phenolic‐formaldehyde foam/silica nanocomposites via in situ polymerization

Modeling Large Deformation and Failure of Expanded Polystyrene Crushable Foam Using LS-DYNA

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Product

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Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption

Preparation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Cellular Activated Carbon for CO₂ and H₂ Adsorption