In this note we consider the so-called bi-periodic Horadam sequences. Explicit formulas in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind and the determinant of some perturbed tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrices are established. Several illustrative examples are provided as well.
The Horadam sequenceIn 1965, Alwyn F. Horadam considered the sequence {𝑤 𝑛 ≡ 𝑤 𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑝, 𝑞)} defined by the second-order homogeneous linear recurrence.1) with initial conditions 𝑤 0 = 𝑎 and 𝑤 1 = 𝑏 , (1.2) for arbitrary integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 [24, Section 3]. This is one of the possible extensions of the Fibonacci numbers, setting 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 𝑝 = −𝑞 = 1. Horadam studied many of its properties and other instances [21, 22, 23]. If today {𝑤 𝑛 } is familiar, in the 1960's it was a great novelty. According to A.G. Shannon [31, 32], with initial conditions 𝑈 −1 (𝑥) = 0 and 𝑈 0 (𝑥) = 1. One of the most wellknown explicit formulas for these polynomials is 𝑈 𝑛 (𝑥) = sin(𝑛 + 1)𝜃 sin 𝜃 , with 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 (0 ⩽ 𝜃 < 𝜋),for all 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2 ….