A Mathematical Model for the Simulation of New and Aged Automotive Lead-Acid Batteries

Cugnet, Mikaël; Laruelle, Stéphane; Grugeon, Sylvie; Sahut, Bernard; Sabatier, Jocelyn; Tarascon, Jean‐Marie; Oustaloup, Alain

doi:10.1149/1.3224868

Cited by 58 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(29 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…5,6 Those models contain very many hardly defined battery characteristics such as electrode geometries, electrolyte concentration, diffusion coefficients, transfer coefficients, reaction rate coefficients, and other low-level phenomena. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] So while the existing electrochemical models would be likely more exact in their predictions and able to provide with better results, the creation, calibration and implementation of such models requires significant computational capabilities. This makes these simulations less suitable for on-road vehicular battery prediction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Analytical Model for Capacity Evaluation of Automotive-Grade Lithium Batteries

Galushkin

Yazvinskaya

Галушкин

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, an analytical model is represented for evaluation of remaining charge state of commercial automotive-grade lithium batteries. The model is elaborated for evaluation of battery remaining charge state under dynamic loads and various temperature conditions, which is typical for operation of batteries being parts of electric or hybrid electric vehicles. It is proved that use of the Peukert equation as a part of an analytical model leads to a restriction of field-of-use for those models as the Peukert equation is not applicable under small discharge rates. It has been also shown that in modern analytical models, the usually used temperature dependencies are not applicable at extremely low and extremely high temperatures of battery discharge. The reason is that they do not take into account neither the presence of a negative thermal critical point, under which the battery capacity output becomes equal to zero, nor a limitation of a capacity growth in conditions of a temperature increase. The represented analytical model solves such problems to a large extent and provides with a good prediction accuracy for battery remaining state of charge (relative error is not more than 4% Nowadays in connection with wide spread distribution of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, -the acute need has emerged in evaluation possibility of battery residual capacity. This problem matters a great deal both for the modern lithium batteries, which at the moment are mainly used ones as parts of electric vehicles, and for traditional batteries, for example nickel-cadmium or lead-acid ones, which are widely used in area of aviation, railway vehicles, monitoring systems, electric-light services, etc. 1-4For battery residual capacity evaluation, it is possible to use the most precise electrochemical models. They take into account a transport-component (of ions, electrons, neutral particles) as well as all the kinetic electrochemical processes. 5,6 Those models contain very many hardly defined battery characteristics such as electrode geometries, electrolyte concentration, diffusion coefficients, transfer coefficients, reaction rate coefficients, and other low-level phenomena. 5-11So while the existing electrochemical models would be likely more exact in their predictions and able to provide with better results, the creation, calibration and implementation of such models requires significant computational capabilities. This makes these simulations less suitable for on-road vehicular battery prediction. Additionally, despite of the extensive efforts having been spent on such models, they can quickly become inapplicable if the system in question requires a change in battery chemistry or configuration since calibration of the models is going on for a specific battery and pack configuration. As a result, the majority of these models requires either widespread calibration, exhaustive computational resources, or fails to tune the models for dynamic discharge conditions. Both factors limit their effectiveness in mobile applica...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Analytical Model for Capacity Evaluation of Automotive-Grade Lithium Batteries

Galushkin

Yazvinskaya

Галушкин

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Equations that include the effect of doublelayer capacitance in a lead-acid battery have been developed by Srinivasan et al 21 based on the work of Ong and Newman 22 , and they are employed here. The equations have been used earlier, 13,23 and are given below. Some modifications as discussed above are introduced, and only these differences are discussed.…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butler-Volmer equation is used to compute it. The expressions for S during discharge are same as those widely used, 13,20,21,23 but need modification for charging. A little explanation is also needed about equations for discharge and cranking.…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lead-acid batteries fail faster in partial state-of-charge start-stop technology than in SLI application. Accumulation of lead sulfate on negative electrode's surface has been identified as the cause. It is also known that life can be enhanced by increasing capacitance of negative electrode. A bench-marking test cycle is used to explain these observations through a one-dimensional model. It is shown that, at the large discharge current densities used, faradaic reactions in the electrodes are spatially inhomogeneous, and charging is unable to reverse its effects. Consequently, lead sulfate deposit is larger on electrode's surface than at its center. Model uses a rate expression for charging modified to include diffusion of Pb 2+ , and predicts that sulfate continues to accumulate with cycling. A portion of electrode becomes inactive when volume fraction of sulfate reaches a critical value there. Battery fails when inactive area becomes large. It is shown that double-layer capacitance suppresses the non-uniformity in the faradaic reaction and alters the pattern of accumulation of sulfate. Negative electrode does not benefit from this since its capacitance is low. Sulfate accumulates in positive electrode also, but does not reach critical levels since positive electrode's capacitance is large. A large fraction of the demand for lead-acid batteries from automotive industries is for SLI application. But the demand is expected to decline as the auto industry moves toward Li batteries. However, as specifications become more stringent both on fuel economy and on emissions of green house gases, lead-acid battery has found a new application in stop-start technology of electric vehicles. Here, battery should be capable of rapid enough discharge to permit starting of the vehicle along with maintenance of other on-board electrical loads. Further, to facilitate charging by regenerative braking, the battery has to be in partial state of charge, which can be as low as 50%. This has come to be known as high rate partial-state-of-charge or for short, HRPSoC, duty. In the start-stop operation, the frequency of charging-discharging cycles is large. Equally importantly, while the discharge rate during cranking is about the same as in conventional SLI application, charging rate can be as large as thirty times more. The challenges faced in meeting this application have been well summarized by Moseley and Rand 1 and Moseley et al. 2 The main problem faced is the faster degradation of battery than encountered in the conventional SLI application. The diminished life has been attributed to accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative electrode. Conclusive evidence for this has been reported by Lam et al.3 based on tear-down analysis of failed batteries. Interestingly, it has been found that increasing the capacitance of the negative electrode enhances its life, and development of ultrabattery 4 is a well known demonstration of this. While a complete description of this device is not available in the open literature, it is s...

show abstract

“…Systematic use of mathematical models to predict performance of a lead-acid battery to meet a variety of purposes is the focus of many investigations [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], and extensive reviews of this work also exist [11,12]. Though differing in details, all models proposed so far take into account: (i) migration and diffusion of reactive species, (ii) ohmic resistance in the electrolyte, and (iii) the finite rate of charge transfer reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Gandhi

2015

Journal of Power Sources

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A Mathematical Model for the Simulation of New and Aged Automotive Lead-Acid Batteries

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

Generalized Analytical Model for Capacity Evaluation of Automotive-Grade Lithium Batteries

Generalized Analytical Model for Capacity Evaluation of Automotive-Grade Lithium Batteries

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About