A Mathematical Formula to Estimate <i>In Vivo</i> Thyroid Volume from Two-Dimensional Ultrasonography

Trimboli, Pierpaolo; Ruggieri, Martino; Fumarola, Angela; D’Aló, Michele; Straniero, A; Maiuolo, A.; Ulisse, Salvatore; D’Armiento, Massimino

doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0399

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In this context, it has to be mentioned that the World Heath Organization (WHO) and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Defi ciency Disorders (ICCIDD) consider US the diagnostic method of choice for goiter assessment ( World Health Organization 1994 ). Furthermore, thyroid examination by US represents a common in-offi ce method for endocrinologists in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of many diseases, such as goiter, nodules and autoimmune diseases ( Brunn et al, 1981, Trimboli et al, 2008, Vitti and Rago 2003. Some studies have demonstrated the high accuracy of hypoechogenicity of the thyroid gland in predicting hypofunction and Hashimoto ' s thyroiditis ( Marcocci et al, 1991, Rago et al, 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Normal Thyroid Gland by Ultrasonography match with Normal Serum Thyroid Hormones and Negative Thyroid Antibodies?

Trimboli

Rossi²,

Condorelli³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Few papers have shown that a hypoechoic appearance of the thyroid gland at ultrasonography (US) is related to a hypofunction and serum positivity of thyroid antibodies (T-Ab). However, it is not ascertained if normal thyroid appearance at US correspond to normal thyroid laboratory tests. The aim of this study was to assess the value of normal thyroid at US in predicting normal thyroid hormones and negative T-Ab in a cohort of 48 adult patients. All patients (37 females and 11 males) were referred to our hospital to undergo their first thyroid US examination, followed by a thyroid function evaluation. All subjects had normal thyroid gland at US. As a control group 65 patients with hypoechoic and inhomogeneous thyroid gland were enrolled. All 48 patients had normal free-T (3) and free-T (4) levels. While 41 patients (85.4%) showed normal TSH, in 7 subjects (14.6%) TSH was elevated and a significant (p < 0.001) difference was recorded between the two groups in mean TSH value. Positive T-Ab value was found in 5 patients (10.4%) and the remaining 43 patients (89.6%) had negative T-Ab. TSH was not significantly correlated with age, thyroid volume or BMI. The multivariate model showed that only BMI was significantly correlated to thyroid volume (p < 0.01, r(2)=0.31). These results showed that normal thyroid recorded by US matches with normal thyroid laboratory assessment to a large degree. These preliminary data need to be confirmed in a prospective study and in a larger series and should suggest the evaluation of thyrotropin and thyroid antibodies in subjects with normal thyroid gland as assessed by US.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Normal Thyroid Gland by Ultrasonography match with Normal Serum Thyroid Hormones and Negative Thyroid Antibodies?

Trimboli

Rossi²,

Condorelli³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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“…In addition, ultrasound has become the accepted method for estimating thyroid size, using the ellipsoid volume formula. As a consequence, US is an essential instrument for the management of many thyroid diseases, such as goitre, nodules and autoimmune diseases [11][12][13]. Despite this, thyroid echographic appearance has rarely been analyzed with relation to thyroid laboratory assessment.…”

Section: Comparison Between Normal and Pathologic Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests

et al. 2012

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The relation between thyroid ultrasonography and laboratory, and the relationship of thyroid volume with clinical and anthropometric parameters, are not well clarified. Aim of the study was to investigate normal and hypoechoic-inhomogeneous not nodular thyroid gland in predicting thyroid tests, and to assess the correlation of thyroid volume with several clinical parameters. The series included 434 subjects (244 with normal thyroid ultrasonography, and 190 with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid) at their first evaluation. Subjects with normal ultrasonography and skewed tests were re-evaluated after one year. All subjects with normal ultrasound showed normal free-T-4, while TSH was elevated in 9.8% of cases and thyroid antibodies were positive in another 9.8%. In patients with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid, free-T-4 was low in 33.2%, TSH was elevated in 78.4% and thyroid antibodies were positive in 76.3%. Normal ultrasonography matched with normal tests in 81.1% of cases while hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid in 9.5% (p<0.001). The re-evaluation of tests showed no significant difference. In subjects with both normal ultrasonography and tests, thyroid volume was correlated with age (p=0.001), weight (p=0.003), BMI (p=0.04), body surface area (p=0.002). Thyroid laboratory assessment was different between subjects with ultrasonographically normal or hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid. Thyroid volume of thyroid diseases-free subjects was correlated with age, weight, BM I and body surface area, and this should be of interest to investigate the references of normality of thyroid size

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“…In human patients, the most common method for calculating thyroid volume is based on the equation for an ellipsoid (4/3 πabc, where a , b , and c are the three elliptic radii of the height, width, and depth of each lobe) . Indeed, the American Thyroid Association has an on‐line calculator that uses this equation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Quantitative Thyroid Scintigraphy for Diagnosis and Staging of Disease Severity in Cats With Hyperthyroidism: Comparison of the Percent Thyroidal Uptake of Pertechnetate to Thyroid‐to‐salivary Ratio and Thyroid‐to‐background Ratios

Peterson

Guterl

Rishniw

et al. 2016

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Thyroid scintigraphy is commonly used for evaluation of cats with hyperthyroidism, with the thyroid-to-salivary ratio (T/S) being the most common method to quantify the degree of thyroid activity and disease. Calculation of thyroid-to-background ratios (T/B) or percent thyroidal uptake of (99m) TcO(-) 4 (TcTU) has only been reported in a few studies. The purpose of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to evaluate a number of quantitative scintigraphic indices as diagnostic tests for hyperthyroidism, including the T/S, three different T/B, TcTU, and estimated thyroid volume. Of 524 cats referred to our clinic for evaluation of suspected hyperthyroidism, the diagnosis was confirmed (n = 504) or excluded (n = 20) based on results of a serum thyroid panel consisting of thyroxine (T4 ), triiodothyronine (T3 ), free T4 (fT4 ), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. In the hyperthyroid cats, median values for TcTU, T/S, and three T/B ratios were all significantly higher (P < 0.001) than values in euthyroid suspect cats or clinically normal cats. All scintigraphic parameters were relatively sensitive and specific as diagnostic tests for hyperthyroidism, but the T/S ratio had the highest test accuracy. The T/S ratio correlated strongly with the TcTU (r = 0.85). However, the TcTU had a higher and more significant correlation (P < 0.01) with serum T4 (r = 0.76 vs. 0.64), T3 (r = 0.77 vs. 0.64), and estimated thyroid volume (r = 0.62 vs. 0.38). Overall, calculation of TcTU is an accurate diagnostic test, but also appears to be the best parameter to predict the functional volume and metabolic activity of the feline adenomatous thyroid gland.

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A Mathematical Formula to Estimate In Vivo Thyroid Volume from Two-Dimensional Ultrasonography

Abstract: This study shows that 2D-US does not provide an accurate estimation of TV and suggests that it can be improved by a mathematical model different from the ellipsoid model. If confirmed in prospective studies, this may contribute to a more appropriate management of thyroid diseases.

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Does Normal Thyroid Gland by Ultrasonography match with Normal Serum Thyroid Hormones and Negative Thyroid Antibodies?

Does Normal Thyroid Gland by Ultrasonography match with Normal Serum Thyroid Hormones and Negative Thyroid Antibodies?

One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests

Evaluation of Quantitative Thyroid Scintigraphy for Diagnosis and Staging of Disease Severity in Cats With Hyperthyroidism: Comparison of the Percent Thyroidal Uptake of Pertechnetate to Thyroid‐to‐salivary Ratio and Thyroid‐to‐background Ratios

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