“…This adaptation involves not only technical aspects, but also resource efficiency, resilience and sustainability. Recent research suggests a transition towards more decentralised schemes (e.g., on-site, cluster or community-level infrastructure for treating, dispersing or reusing wastewater at or near its source) that align better with development scenarios (Kaufmann Alves 2013, Larsen et al 2013, Baron et al 2016, Bakhshipour et al 2019, Hoffmann et al 2020, Elmqvist et al 2021) and changing goals (Hering et al 2012). Their 'degree of centralisation', defined as the ratio of sinks and sources (Eggimann et al 2015) can vary from fully centralised (e.g., all sources are connected to one centralised wastewater treatment plant) to fully decentralised (every source has its own local sink) (Larsen et al 2013, Eggimann et al 2015, Poustie et al 2015.…”