A mathematical approach to chemical equilibrium theory for gaseous systems—II: extensions and applications

A mathematical approach to chemical equilibrium theory for gaseous systems IV: a mathematical clarification of Le Chatelier’s principle

“…It can be noted that the philosophy in this new law from mathematics is quite different from that expressed in the traditional statement of Le Chatelier's principle. This mathematical result can be easily verified using the above mentioned examples and will be analyzed mathematically in the last part of this paper according to previous work [15][16][17] which is somewhat different from that presented in Ref. [8].…”

“…The validity of the above discussion can also be demonstrated by using phase equilibria [6,16] instead of chemical equilibria [8].…”

“…For that reason the principle might be more precisely expressed as the following: that an equilibrium would shift to always counteract the action; or alternatively to always counteract the effect caused by that action. But both statements cannot be true and these precise statements do not remove the ambiguity as is demonstrated below [16]. Subsequently we will present a general mathematical treatment of equilibrium systems in Sect.…”

“…1. The calculations can be accomplished by the bisection method where ζ takes a trying value from 0 to 1/3 [16]. Row No.…”

“…4 together with the solutions provided in Sects. 2 and 3, develop a theoretical system, simple enough to be suitable at college level to describe chemical equilibrium and complementary to our previous work [15][16][17]. It can be seen that this theoretical approach is developed differently from that suggested by simple logical analysis in elementary chemistry.…”