A Matched Case–Control Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of Speed Humps in Reducing Child Pedestrian Injuries

Tester, June M.; Rutherford, George W.; Wald, Zachary; Rutherford, Mary

doi:10.2105/ajph.94.4.646

Cited by 116 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…58 Traffic calming devices were positively associated with collisions, whereas other studies revealed a negative association; however, no adjustment was made previously for traffic exposure. 49,59,60 Finally, the presence of school crossing guards was positively associated with collisions, which has similarly been found in Montreal, Quebec. 61 Features considered to be confounders in this analysis may fall on the casual pathway (particularly school crossing guards) between walking to school and pedestrian collisions.…”

Section: Comparisons Of Findings To Previous Studiessupporting

confidence: 65%

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Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions and Walking to School: The Role of the Built Environment

Rothman

Macarthur

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Many studies have demonstrated that the built environment is related to both collision risk and walking to school. However, little research examines the influence of the built environment on the relationship between walking to school and pedestrian collision risk.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Increased walking was not associated with increased pedestrian collision once the effects of the built environment and socioeconomic status were modeled. Safety was related primarily to the built environment and specifically features related to road crossing. abstract OBJECTIVES: Initiatives to increase active school transportation are popular. However, increased walking to school could increase collision risk. The built environment is related to both pedestrian collision risk and walking to school. We examined the influence of the built environment on walking to school and child pedestrian collisions in Toronto, Canada. METHODS:Police-reported pedestrian collision data from 2002 to 2011 for children ages 4 to 12, proportion of children walking to school, and built environment data were mapped onto school attendance boundaries. Collision rates were calculated by using 2006 census populations and modeled by using negative binomial regression.RESULTS: There were 481 collisions with a mean collision rate of 7.4/ 10 000 children per year. The relationship between walking proportion and collision rate was not statistically significant after adjusting for population density and roadway design variables including multifamily dwelling density, traffic light, traffic calming and 1-way street density, school crossing guard presence, and school socioeconomic status.CONCLUSIONS: Pedestrian collisions are more strongly associated with built environment features than with proportions walking. Road design features were related to higher collision rates and warrant further examination for their safety effects for children. Future policy designed to increase children' s active transportation should be developed from evidence that more clearly addresses child pedestrian safety. Pediatrics 2014;133:776-784

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Section: Comparisons Of Findings To Previous Studiessupporting

confidence: 65%

“…43 Traffic calming has been associated with a 37% reduction in fatal pedestrian outcomes 48 and a 53% reduction in child pedestrian collision risk. 49 The BE influences both the walking exposure and risk, so it must be considered as a confounder in child pedestrian safety studies.…”

Section: Comparisons Of Findings To Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions and Walking to School: The Role of the Built Environment

Rothman

Macarthur

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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“…After the implementation of these measures, individual behavior will matter much less. 8,27 Traffic calming and improvement measures, which combine changes in traffic engineering, intense signage, barriers, restricted vehicle access, detours, and pedestrian refuge islands, may help reduce vehicle speed and increase drivers attention. [27][28][29][30] Traffic calming measures can reduce lethal and nonlethal injuries by around 11%.…”

Section: Pedestrian Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,27 Traffic calming and improvement measures, which combine changes in traffic engineering, intense signage, barriers, restricted vehicle access, detours, and pedestrian refuge islands, may help reduce vehicle speed and increase drivers attention. [27][28][29][30] Traffic calming measures can reduce lethal and nonlethal injuries by around 11%. 30 Residential neighborhoods where families have many children and where there are many vehicles parked on the street and a large number of pedestrians are a priority for vehicle-pedestrian collision reduction programs.…”

Section: Pedestrian Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,32 Initiatives to motivate walking and cycling habits help implement the effective measures and should be a priority in residential neighborhoods. 1,27,33,34 Other measures, such as the creation of student brigades to help control vehicle flow at school hours have been highly successful in short-term reduction of accidents involving personal injury and in raising the awareness of students regarding traffic safety. 35 In case of backover accidents at driveways involving children, strategies such as 9,11 telling children to stay away from garages and parking lots or to play where they can be supervised by adults, enhancing drivers attention to children in the surroundings and keeping vehicles parked in the garage 16,33 proved effective.…”

Section: Pedestrian Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

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O pediatra e a segurança no trânsito

Waksman

Pirito

2005

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Suggested citation: Waksman RD, Pirito RM. The pediatrician and traffic safety. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(5 Suppl):S181-S188. AbstractObjective: To instruct children and teenagers about safe transportation and about their behavior as cyclists and pedestrians. Sources of data:The MEDLINE and LILACS databases were searched, using the following terms, from 1995 to 2005: traffic accidents, child, adolescent, morbidity, mortality, age, and gender. Scientific articles on morbidity and mortality from traffic accidents, children in a pedestrian situation, as cyclists or as motor vehicle passengers, were selected.Summary of the findings: More than 300 scientific articles were found, but only the studies that addressed those issues in a broad manner were selected.Conclusions: Traffic-related mortality rates are still very high and show the necessity to intensify educational campaigns for community awareness, in addition to encouraging investments in effective pedestrian safety. The pediatricians role is to decrease the number of children and adolescents who get involved in traffic accidents by providing them with traffic guidance and education.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(5 Suppl):S181-S188: Accident prevention, prevention and control, pedestrian, transportation, cyclist.

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Area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries

Bunn

Collier

Frost

et al. 2003

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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A Matched Case–Control Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of Speed Humps in Reducing Child Pedestrian Injuries

Abstract: Our findings suggest that speed humps make children's living environments safer.

Cited by 116 publications

References 17 publications

Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions and Walking to School: The Role of the Built Environment

Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions and Walking to School: The Role of the Built Environment

O pediatra e a segurança no trânsito

Area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries

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