A mass transfer correlation for packed bed of lead oxide spheres in flowing lead–bismuth eutectic at high Péclet numbers

Marino, Alessandro; Lim, Jun; Keijers, S.; Vanmaercke, Simon; Aerts, Alexander; Rosseel, Kris; Deconinck, Johan; Bosch, J. Van den

doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.09.079

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…where F is the applied It is well known that pure PbO ceramic pellets are not tough enough to flush in LBE [5]. After doping with 1 wt% Bi2O3 at 620°C, the flexural strength of the PbO ceramic pellets increased by 75%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To keep the coolant pure and to protect the steel pipe, high-strength PbO ceramic pellets are required, which have fast oxygen concentration regulation and crack resistance during operation. Currently, experiments on solid-phase control systems are being carried out in the LBE test loop CRAFT at SCK•CEN in Mol, Belgium [5], in the Pb-Bi forced convection loop in Ibaraki, Japan [6], and as part of the DEMETRA project by CEA, Saclay in Gif-sur-Yvette, France [7]. Though several studies have been done theoretically and practically on solid-phase control systems, only a few have reported on the mechanical properties and microstructures of PbO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). PbO ceramic pellets broken in the loop can result in debris being formed in the coolant, eventually blocking the pipeline in extreme cases [5]. Kondo et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Bi2O3 Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

Ma¹,

Yang²,

Zhu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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In this paper, the effect of Bi2O3 doping on the mechanical properties of PbO ceramic pellets was studied. For this purpose, different ratios of Bi2O3/PbO (i.e., xBi2O3–(1-x)PbO, where x is 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt%) were fabricated and sintered at 570, 620, and 670°C. Mechanical properties including density, hardness, flexural strength, and sintering of PbO were studied for the aforementioned compositions. Phase compositions, microstructures, and worn surfaces of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis revealed that a solid solution formed in the composite ceramic. The best suited conditions of temperature and doping of Bi2O3 for optimal sintering are 620°C and 3 wt%, respectively. The hardness of the 3 wt% Bi2O3–97 wt% PbO ceramic was 717 MPa, which is about four times higher than the hardness of pure PbO; in addition, the strength of the composites was 43 MPa, which is two times higher than that of pure PbO. The integrity of the composites was verified using the lead–bismuth eutectic alloy flushing experiment. Results of this research paper are important for future studies of oxygen control in the lead–bismuth eutectic alloy of lead-cooled fast reactors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Bi2O3 Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

Ma¹,

Yang²,

Zhu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Oxygen control systems based on gas-LBE interaction, either via a cover gas or through bubbling have been studied [7]. Oxygen addition by controlled dissolution of lead oxide in a so-called PbO mass exchanger (PbO MX) has been evaluated experimentally and numerically [8,9]. A new approach toward oxygen control in LBE called electrochemical oxygen pumping (EOP) has been developed and tested in various experimental conditions [10].…”

Section: Oxygen Measurement and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

The LBE Coolant Chemistry R&D Programme for the MYRRHA ADS: Chemistry and Control of Oxygen, Corrosion and Spallation Products

Aerts

Gladinez

Prieto

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Spallation Materials Technology

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Compatibility with structural materials and activation are major challenges of the use of heavy liquid metal (HLM) spallation targets and coolants such as lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Steel exposed to HLM is prone to corrosion which results in the release of steel elements in the HLM coolant. A commonly accepted strategy to reduce corrosion rates is to maintain a sufficiently elevated dissolved oxygen concentration in order to stabilize a protective oxide layer on the steel surface in contact with HLM. We present a brief overview of the oxygen sensing and control technology for LBE, developed in the frame of the MYRRHA accelerator driven system (ADS) demonstrate its performance on a large scale in the MEXICO chemistry loop (Mass Exchanger In Continuous Operation). MYRRHA stands for Multipurpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications accelerator driven system and is currently under development at the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, and will operate between 200 °C and 400 °C with a target oxygen concentration level of 10-7 wt-%. Numerical simulations allowed mapping of the local oxygen concentration in MYRRHA, enabling identification of the regions in the core which could be prone to corrosion. On the other hand, oxygen concentrations must be sufficiently low to avoid formation of solid lead oxide (PbO) in the primary circuit. When designing a nuclear system such as an ADS, one must take into account accidents that may lead to increase of the oxygen concentration in the LBE and assess the probability for PbO formation and its consequences. In this context, we have studied the formation of lead oxide from oxygen-oversaturated LBE and determined the metastable limit for PbO nucleation. Corrosion products that are released in the LBE will interact with dissolved oxygen in LBE to form corrosion product oxides. These interactions influence the concentration of both dissolved oxygen and dissolved corrosion products. This in turn can cause changes in the corrosion process itself by altering the driving force for steel element dissolution or protective oxide layer decomposition. Experimental results will be presented which provide evidence for the precipitation and dissolution of oxides of iron impurities in LBE. Numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemical equilibrium complement experiments in understanding the interactions between coolant chemistry and reactor thermal-hydraulics. A similar approach was adopted for simulating the chemistry of spallation and other radioactive impurities in the primary LBE of MYRRHA. Simulations allow the prediction of released fraction, vapor composition and precipitation/dissolution phenomena in the LBE, as function of the oxygen concentration in the LBE and of the oxygen and humidity content of the cover gas in contact with the LBE. Simulations of the chemical behavior of several critical

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“…Currently, experiments on solid-phase control systems are being carried out in the LBE test loop CRAFT at SCK·CEN (Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie/Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire) in Mol, Belgium [5], in the Pb-Bi forced convection loop in Ibaraki, Japan [6], and as part of the DEMETRA project by CEA (Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergiesalternatives), Saclay in Gif-sur-Yvette, France [7]. Though several studies have been done theoretically and practically on solid-phase control systems, only a few have reported on the mechanical properties and microstructures of PbO [5,6,7,8]. Therefore, research on developing sintering techniques with PbO ceramic pellets that have excellent performance during operation has become a hot topic in this area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bi2O3 Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2019

Materials

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In this paper, the effects of Bi2O3 doping on the mechanical properties of PbO ceramic pellets were studied. Different ratios of Bi2O3/PbO (i.e., xBi2O3-(1−x) PbO, where x is 0, 1, 3, 5, or 7 wt.%) were fabricated and sintered at 570, 620, and 670 °C. Mechanical properties including density, hardness, flexural strength, and sintering of PbO were studied for each of the aforementioned compositions. Phase composition, microstructure, and the worn surfaces of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis revealed that a solid solution formed in the composite ceramic. The best suited conditions of temperature and doping of Bi2O3 for optimal sintering were found to be 620 °C and 3 wt.%, respectively. The hardness of the 3 wt.% Bi2O3-97 wt.% PbO ceramic was found to be 717 MPa, which is about four times higher than the hardness of pure PbO. In addition, the strength of the composites was found to be 43 MPa, which is two times higher than that of pure PbO. The integrity of the composites was verified using the lead–bismuth eutectic alloy flushing experiment. The results of this research paper are important for future studies of oxygen control in the lead–bismuth eutectic alloy of lead-cooled fast reactors.

show abstract

A mass transfer correlation for packed bed of lead oxide spheres in flowing lead–bismuth eutectic at high Péclet numbers

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

Effect of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

The LBE Coolant Chemistry R&D Programme for the MYRRHA ADS: Chemistry and Control of Oxygen, Corrosion and Spallation Products

Effects of Bi2O3 Doping on the Mechanical Properties of PbO Ceramic Pellets Used in Lead-Cooled Fast Reactors

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