A mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of rat brain

Hoover, Donald B.; Muth, Eric A.; Jacobowitz, David M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90408-0

Cited by 303 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Regarding the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, previous biochemical studies indicated high ChAT activity (Ben-Ari et al, 1977;Hoover et al, 1978;Palkovits et al, 1974), and we provided morphological evidence for this. The presence of interwoven ChAT-positive varicose fibers and the pericellular distribution of the varicosities strongly suggest that the nucleus is innervated by the cholinergic afferents, but their origin remains to be determined.…”

Section: Olfactory Brainsupporting

confidence: 74%

Organization of choline acetyltransferase-containing structures in the forebrain of the rat

Ichikawa¹,

Hirata²

1986

J. Neurosci.

168

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The cholinergic structures in the forebrain of the rat were studied immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) which has proven to be particularly suited to reveal the trajectory of ChAT-positive fibers and their terminations. The habenulo-interpeduncular tract contained the most distinctly ChAT- positive fibers. Here, ChAT-positivity was demonstrated in the perikarya, fibers and terminal field. From the basal forebrain, ChAT- positive fiber bundles could be followed rostrally to the olfactory bulb, dorsomedially to the neocortex and hippocampus, and dorsocaudally to the hippocampus. Terminations of ChAT-positive fibers in these regions were either boutons terminaux (in the interpeduncular nucleus), finely granular (in the hippocampus) or a network of varicose fibers (in the olfactory bulb and neocortex). Cholinergic terminal fields were also demonstrated in the following regions: the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the olfactory tubercle, the pyriform cortex, the lateral nucleus and part of the basal nucleus of the amygdala, the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, some thalamic nuclei, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In most of these regions, ChAT-positivity appeared as either fine granules or a meshwork of varicose fibers.

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Section: Olfactory Brainsupporting

confidence: 74%

Organization of choline acetyltransferase-containing structures in the forebrain of the rat

Ichikawa¹,

Hirata²

1986

J. Neurosci.

168

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“…Lesions of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (10), the corticomedial complex of the amygdala (12), and the stria terminalis connecting these two structures (20) have been reported to increase the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Furthermore, all of these areas exhibit moderate levels of cholinergic activity (14). It is thus tempting to speculate that input from the amygdala-stria terminalis system to the POA may modulate ejaculatory threshold via cholinergic synapses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain localization of cholinergic influence on male sex behavior in rats: Antagonists

Hull

Pehek

Bitran

et al. 1988

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Brain localization of cholinergic influence on male sex behavior in rats: Agonists. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 31(1) 169--174, 1988.--Cholinerglc agonists were microinjected into either the lateral ventricle or the preoptic area of sexually experienced male rats. In Experiment 1 carbachol, injected into the lateral ventricles, delayed the initiation of sexual behavior. When injected into the preoptic area, carbachol again delayed the onset of copulation, but these delays were shorter than after ventricular injections. In addition, preoptic injections reduced the number of intromissions precedhag ejaculation. In Experiment 2 ventricular injections of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine again delayed initiation of sexual behavior and also slowed its rate. However, oxotremorine injections into the preoptic area, through cannulae angled to miss all ventricles, only decreased the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. These data suggest that cholinergic synapses in proximity to the ventricles may decrease sexual arousal, while cholinergic mechanisms in or near the preoptic area may reduce ejaculatory threshold. AcetylcholineCarbachol Oxotremorine Sexual behavior Preoptic area Rat MASCULINE sexual behavior of rats can he influenced by numerous pharmacological treatments [reviewed in (4,19)]. Whereas dopaminergic and serotonergic influences have been fairly extensively studied, the roles of cholinergic neurons in male copulatory behavior are more poorly defined. Suppression of copulation was observed with systemically administered eserine and physostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that prolong the synaptic action of acetylcholine), with high doses of the dgonists arecholine and nicotine, and also with the muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine and scopolamine (1,3,15,22,23). The fact that both increases and decreases in cholinergic activity reduced the number of animals copulating led to the proposal that any alteration of cholinergic function can impair sexual behavior. However, the drug doses administered in those experiments also impaired motor and autonomic functions, which may have interfered with copulation, A more recent study employing the selective muscarinic agonist oxotremorine reported reductions in ejaculation threshold (decreased ejaculation latency and decreased intromissions preceding ejaculation) at doses that did not produce motor irapairment (1). The specificity for muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system was confirmed by the blockade of these effects by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, but not by methscopolamine, which does not cross the bloodbrain barrier.A problem with systemically administered drugs is that they may affect peripheral as well as numerous central synapses. A better resolution of cholinergic mechanisms that regulate masculine sexual behavior may be obtained by microinjecting drugs directly into structures of interest. The preoptic area is particularly important for the control of masculine sexual behavior. Lesions of the area permanently abolished or ...

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“…Because this enzyme is exclusive to the synthesis of ACh, it is a reliable marker of cholinergic neurons (Eckenstein and Sofroniew 1983). Cholinergic neurons can be subdivided into two major pools: (1) projection neurons arising from cholinergic nuclei and (2) subpopulations of cholinergic interneurons (Hoover et al 1978). The major cholinergic projection neurons in the brain arise from two main sets of nuclei: the basal forebrain cholinergic complex, which includes the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei and the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex, which includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and dorsolateral tegmental nuclei (Hoover et al 1978;Eckenstein and Sofroniew 1983).…”

Section: Neurochemisty Of Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cholinergic neurons can be subdivided into two major pools: (1) projection neurons arising from cholinergic nuclei and (2) subpopulations of cholinergic interneurons (Hoover et al 1978). The major cholinergic projection neurons in the brain arise from two main sets of nuclei: the basal forebrain cholinergic complex, which includes the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei and the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex, which includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and dorsolateral tegmental nuclei (Hoover et al 1978;Eckenstein and Sofroniew 1983). Projections arising from these cholinergic nuclei innervate diverse brain areas, and thus impinge on numerous neural networks controlling such states as cognition, reward, and affect (Johnston et al 1979;Muir et al 1993).…”

Section: Neurochemisty Of Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Projections arising from these cholinergic nuclei innervate diverse brain areas, and thus impinge on numerous neural networks controlling such states as cognition, reward, and affect (Johnston et al 1979;Muir et al 1993). The second major pool of acetylcholine in the central nervous system (CNS) arises from cholinergic interneurons (Hoover et al 1978). These GABAergic cells, which have been most thoroughly investigated in the cerebellum (Kalinichenko and Okhotin 2005), hippocampus (Lawrence 2008;Drever et al 2011), and striatum (Oldenburg and Ding 2011), corelease ACh during high frequency stimulation, leading to strong modulation of local circuitry within the specific brain regions (Witten et al 2010).…”

Section: Neurochemisty Of Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Translational Research in Nicotine Dependence

Turner

Gold

Schnoll

et al. 2013

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

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Nicotine addiction accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. Furthermore, although smoking represents a significant health burden in the United States, at present there are only three FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently on the market: (1) nicotine replacement therapy, (2) bupropion, and (3) varenicline. Despite this obvious gap in the market, the complexity of nicotine addiction in addition to the increasing cost of drug development makes targeted drug development prohibitive. Furthermore, using combinations of mouse and human studies, additional treatments could be developed from off-the-shelf, currently approved medication lists. This article reviews translational studies targeting manipulations of the cholinergic system as a viable therapeutic target for nicotine addiction.

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A mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of rat brain

Cited by 303 publications

References 39 publications

Organization of choline acetyltransferase-containing structures in the forebrain of the rat

Organization of choline acetyltransferase-containing structures in the forebrain of the rat

Brain localization of cholinergic influence on male sex behavior in rats: Antagonists

Translational Research in Nicotine Dependence

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