A major outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by coxsackievirus A24, Réunion, January to April 2015

Marguerite, Nadège; Brottet, Elise; Pagès, Frédéric; Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie Christine; Schuffenecker, Isabelle; Josset, Laurence; Vilain, Pascal; Filleul, Laurent

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.26.30271

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…In general, the features of this epidemic has a tendency to affect younger patients. The observed age profile of AHC was in agreement with reports from the Pakistani, Japanese, and South Korean epidemics, for example152328. Similarly, Wu et al .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004–2014

Zhang

Zhao

Huang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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To understand control interventions, the molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) was investigated from 2004 to 2014.A total of 613,485 AHC cases (annualized cases 55,771) with two deaths were included. Our findings showed that AHC was reported in all provinces, predominantly in Southern and Eastern China. The incidence rates were highest in 2007 (5.65/100,000) and 2010 (21.78/100,000) respectively. A clear seasonal pattern was identified with a peak from August to October. AHC cases occurred in all age groups; however, five to 14 years was the predominant group [23.06%, 133, 510/578,909]. The median age was 24 years (one month~97 years). The median duration from onset to diagnosis was 1.5 days, and there was no difference between the <15, 15~60 and >60-year-old patients [p = 0.0653]. The phylogenetic analysis of 100 nonstructural proteins (3C) and 84 structural proteins (VP1) revealed that AHC outbreaks were caused by Coxsackievirus A24 variant. Genotypes G4-c5a, G4-c5b, and G4-c3 co-circulated with both temporal and geographical overlaps. In conclusion, despite the overall steady decline in the number of AHC cases since the peak in 2010, it still remains a serious public health problem in Southern and Eastern China that targets on the school aged children under 15 years old.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004–2014

Zhang

Zhao

Huang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…A comparison of the consensus sequence with known data was carried out using BLAST [ 10 ] and revealed 99% sequence identity with CVA24v associated with recent outbreaks of AHC in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) in 2015 (GenBank Accession No. KR399988, positions 492–563) [ 11 ], Japan in 2011 (GenBank Accession No. AB769164, positions 496–567) [ 12 ], China in 2007 (GenBank Accession No.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

An outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated with coxsackievirus A24 variant in The Gambia, West Africa

et al. 2017

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ObjectiveAn outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in The Gambia, West Africa in 2011. Affected individuals presented with conjunctival haemorrhages, swelling and ocular discharge. In an effort to identify a causative agent of the disease, ocular swabs were taken from patients during the acute and convalescent phases. Total RNA was extracted from all samples and reverse-transcriptase PCR performed using primers specific for all enteroviruses. Resulting amplicons were sequenced and data compared to known sequences using the BLAST algorithm.ResultsForty-eight swabs were included in the analysis. Of these, 21 acute and 9 convalescent swabs (65% of the total) gave positive PCR results. Sequence analysis of the resulting amplicons indicated 99% sequence identity with coxsackievirus A24 variant identified during independent outbreaks of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis around the world and suggest the Gambian outbreak was due to this virus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-3007-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Although EV infection is usually asymptomatic, sometimes it is associated with diverse clinical syndromes ranging from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis (2)(3)(4). In some cases, individual EV serotypes can cause particular symptoms; CV type A24 (CVA24) has been associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (5,6), while enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been associated with major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and concurrent fatal encephalitis among very young children (7,8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Laboratory Surveillance of Polio and Other Enteroviruses in High-Risk Populations and Environmental Samples

Pogka

Labropoulou

Emmanouil

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In the context of poliomyelitis eradication, a reinforced supplementary laboratory surveillance of enteroviruses was implemented in Greece. Between 2008 and 2014, the Hellenic Polioviruses/Enteroviruses Reference Laboratory performed detailed supplementary surveillance of circulating enteroviruses among healthy individuals in high-risk population groups, among immigrants from countries in which poliovirus is endemic, and in environmental samples. In total, 722 stool samples and 179 sewage water samples were included in the study. No wild-type polioviruses were isolated during these 7 years of surveillance, although two imported vaccine polioviruses were detected. Enterovirus presence was recorded in 25.3 and 25.1% of stool and sewage water samples, respectively. Nonpolio enteroviruses isolated from stool samples belonged to species A, B, or C; coxsackievirus A24 was the most frequently identified serotype. Only enteroviruses of species B were identified in sewage water samples, including four serotypes of echoviruses and four serotypes of coxsackie B viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships among virus isolates from sewage water samples and stool samples, which in most cases fell into the same cluster. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare enterovirus serotypes circulating in fecal specimens of healthy individuals and environmental samples, emphasizing the burden of enterovirus circulation in asymptomatic individuals at high risk. Given that Greece continues to receive a large number of short-term arrivals, students, migrants, and refugees from countries in which poliovirus is endemic, it is important to guarantee high-quality surveillance in order to maintain its polio-free status until global eradication is achieved. IMPORTANCE This article summarizes the results of supplementary poliovirus surveillance in Greece and the subsequent characterization of enteroviral circulation in human feces and the environment. The examination of stool samples from healthy refugees and other individuals in "high-risk" groups for poliovirus enables the identification of enterovirus cases and forms the basis for further investigation of the community-level risk of viral transmission. In addition, the examination of composite human fecal samples through environmental surveillance links poliovirus and nonpoliovirus isolates from unknown individuals to populations served by the sewage or wastewater system. Supplementary surveillance is necessary to comply with the prerequisites imposed by the World Health Organization for monitoring the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses, reemergence of wild polioviruses, or disappearance of all vaccine-related strains in order for countries such as Greece to maintain their polio-free status and contribute to global poliovirus eradication.

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A major outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by coxsackievirus A24, Réunion, January to April 2015

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004–2014

Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004–2014

An outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated with coxsackievirus A24 variant in The Gambia, West Africa

Laboratory Surveillance of Polio and Other Enteroviruses in High-Risk Populations and Environmental Samples

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