A Major Light Rare-Earth Element (Lree) Resource in the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Southern Afghanistan

Tucker, Robert D.; Belkin, Harvey E.; Schulz, Klaus J.; Peters, Stephen G.; Horton, Forrest; Buttleman, Kim P.; Scott, Emily R.

doi:10.2113/econgeo.107.2.197

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In many REE deposits, ancylite is replaced by REE-fluorocarbonates. The reverse situation is extremely rare [12,143]. Thus, favorable conditions for ancylite crystallization arise at an early (carbo)-hydrothermal-metasomatic stage.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry

et al. 2020

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The Vuoriyarvi Devonian carbonatite–ijolite–pyroxenite–olivinite complex comprises several carbonatite fields: Neske Vara, Tukhta-Vara, and Petyayan-Vara. The most common carbonatites in the Tukhta-Vara and Neske-Vara fields are calciocarbonatites, which host several P, Fe, Nb, and Ta deposits. This paper focuses on the Petyayan-Vara field, in which the primary magmatic carbonatites are magnesian. The least altered magnesiocarbonatites are composed of dolomite with burbankite and are rich in REE (up to 2.0 wt. %), Sr (up to 1.2 wt. %), and Ba (up to 0.8 wt. %). These carbonatites underwent several stages of metasomatism. Each metasomatic event produced a new rock type with specific mineralization. The introduction of K, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, and Nb by a F-rich fluid (or fluid-saturated melt) resulted in the formation of high-Ti magnesiocarbonatites and silicocarbonatites, composed of dolomite, microcline, Ti-rich phlogopite, and Fe–Ti oxides. Alteration by a phosphate–fluoride fluid caused the crystallization of apatite in the carbonatites. A sulfate-rich Ba–Sr–rare-earth elements (REE) fluid (probably brine-melt) promoted the massive precipitation of ancylite and baryte and, to a lesser extent, strontianite, bastnäsite, and synchysite. Varieties of carbonatite that contain the highest concentrations of REE are ancylite-dominant. The influence of sulfate-rich Ba-Sr-REE fluid on the apatite-bearing rocks resulted in the dissolution and reprecipitation of apatite in situ. The newly formed apatite generation is rich in HREE, Sr, and S. During late-stage transformations, breccias of magnesiocarbonatites with quartz-bastnäsite matrixes were formed. Simultaneously, strontianite, quartz, calcite, monazite, HREE-rich thorite, and Fe-hydroxides were deposited. Breccias with quartz-bastnäsite matrix are poorer in REE (up to 4.5 wt. % total REE) than the ancylite-dominant rocks (up to 11 wt. % total REE).

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The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry

et al. 2020

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“…The Khanneshin carbonatite is a light REE-enriched carbonatite complex of Quaternary age. Geological studies have suggested that the mineralized rocks at Khanneshin may be comparable in grade to the Bayan Obo, China, and Mountain Pass, United States, deposits (Tucker et al, 2012). The Authors have established the fundamental isotopic features of this mineralized system to aid in regional exploration efforts to identify other comparable systems.…”

Section: Geochemical Approaches To Exploration For Reementioning

confidence: 98%

“…For example, the world-class Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit of China continues to produce, the Mountain Pass deposit in the United States (Castor, 2008) has been reopened, and several large rare earth deposits, for example, Mianning in China (Hou et al, 2009) and Mount Weld in Australia (Lottermoser, 1990) have yet to be fully developed. Significant new deposits are also being studied, for example, the Khanneshin carbonatite complex, in southern Afghanistan (Tucker et al, 2012). These and other known deposits are likely to contain ample resources of light REE, although they may not produce sufficient amounts of the heavier REE to meet demands for those elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements: The role of geology, exploration, and analytical geochemistry in ensuring diverse sources of supply and a globally sustainable resource

Foley

Vivo

Salminen

2013

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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“…The carbonatites from subcontinent have received considerable attention during last two decades. Significant [41,67,78,82,85,110,154,157], Pakistan [12,28,29,54], Afghanistan [35], and Sri Lanka [32,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent

Randive

Meshram

2020

Open Geosciences

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AbstractCarbonatites are carbonate-rich rocks of igneous origin. They form the magmas of their own that are generated in the deep mantle by low degrees of partial melting of carbonated peridotite or eclogite source rocks. They are known to occur since the Archaean times till recent, the activity showing gradual increase from older to younger times. They are commonly associated with alkaline rocks and be genetically related with them. They often induce metasomatic alteration in the country rocks forming an aureole of fenitization around them. They are host for economically important mineral deposits including rare metals and REE. They are commonly associated with the continental rifts, but are also common in the orogenic belts; but not known to occur in the intra-plate regions. The carbonatites are known to occur all over the globe, majority of the occurrences located in Africa, Fenno-Scandinavia, Karelian-Kola, Mongolia, China, Australia, South America and India. In the Indian Subcontinent carbonatites occur in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka; but so far not known to occur in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. This paper takes an overview of the carbonatite occurrences in the Indian Subcontinent in the light of recent data. The localities being discussed in detail cover a considerable time range (>2400 Ma to <0.6 Ma) from India (Hogenakal, Newania, Sevathur, Sung Valley, Sarnu-Dandali and Mundwara, and Amba Dongar), Pakistan (Permian Koga and Tertiary Pehsawar Plain Alkaline Complex which includes Loe Shilman, Sillai Patti, Jambil and Jawar), Afghanistan (Khanneshin) and Sri Lanka (Eppawala). This review provide the comprehensive information about geochemical characteristics and evolution of carbonatites in Indian Subcontinent with respect to space and time.

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A Major Light Rare-Earth Element (Lree) Resource in the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Southern Afghanistan

Cited by 31 publications

References 15 publications

The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry

The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Rare Earth Elements: The role of geology, exploration, and analytical geochemistry in ensuring diverse sources of supply and a globally sustainable resource

An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent

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