A Magnetically Driven Amoeba‐Like Nanorobot for Whole‐Process Active Drug Transport

Abstract

The passive diffusion performance of nanocarriers results in inefficient drug transport across multiple biological barriers and consequently cancer therapy failure. Here, a magnetically driven amoeba-like nanorobot (amNR) is presented for whole-process active drug transport. The amNR is actively extravasated from blood vessels and penetrated into deep tumor tissue through a magnetically driven deformation effect. Moreover, the acidic microenvironment of deep tumor tissue uncovers the masked targeting ligand of amNR to achieve active tumor cell uptake. Furthermore, the amNR rapidly releases the encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) after alternating magnetic field application. The amNRs eventually deliver DOX into ≈92.3% of tumor cells and completely delay tumor growth with an inhibition rate of 96.1%. The deformable amNRs, with the assistance of magnetic field application, provide a facile strategy for whole-process active drug transport.

Magnetic Cellular Backpacks for Spatial Targeting, Imaging, and Immunotherapy

“…As such, our cell-backpack complexes exhibited directed motion toward a permanent magnet in a tumor-like environment, suggesting that backpacks do not inhibit cellular migration. Similar results have been shown in vivo where particle-laden cells successfully infiltrated tumors after intravenous injection, , and a gradient magnetic field improved tumor penetration by superparamagnetic nanocarriers …”

Magnetic nanoparticles for nanowarming: seeking a fine balance between heating performance and biocompatibility

“…46,47 For example, magnetic nanomotors can be actively manipulated to penetrate deep tissues with an external magnetic field. [48][49][50] Yet, it should be noted that for nanowarming applications, any movement of magnetic nanoparticles under a magnetic field must be carefully controlled to avoid irreversible mechanical damage to normal cells. 51,52 Although these strategies hold promise, it is crucial to conduct further in vivo investigations to establish their feasibility and safety.…”

Light-driven micro/nanomotors in biomedical applications

“…41,42 External field-driven MNMs (physically driven MNMs) can respond to external physical stimulus energy and convert it into mechanical power, which is a stable and controllable energy source to avoid the side effects of chemical fuels on biological systems. 43 The exploration of external field-driven MNMs mainly focuses on light-driven MNMs, 44–46 magnetically-driven MNMs, 47–49 ultrasound-driven MNMs, 50–52 and electrically-driven MNMs. 53–55…”