“…Nevertheless, various uncertainties in the data still exist in practical situations and are ignored by deterministic modeling approaches. 30 The uncertainties include inherent properties (e.g., kinetic rates, heat transfer constants, blending effects, and intermolecular forces), 31−34 process operation fluctuations (e.g., recipe variations, temperatures, and equipment efficiencies), 35,36 and stream properties (e.g., density, sulfur content, and composition), 37 as well as external uncertainties, such as resources, prices, and demand. 38,39 Robust optimization, which does not require the accurate probability distribution of uncertain parameters beforehand, has been used in energy transactions, 40 unit commitment and dispatch of multi-energy systems and microgrids, 41 and optimal load dispatch of the community energy hub.…”