A Low Profile Circularly Polarized Beam Scanning Patch Array Fed by Parallel Plate Waveguide

Wide-Angle Beam Steering Closed-Form Pillbox Antenna Fed by Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Horn for On-the-Move Satellite Communications

“…Nevertheless, this is acceptable for large antennas, especially those operating at high-frequency bands. The variations in the measured gain from −40 • to + 40 • scanning range is only 2 dBi, which is better than the other reported designs [21,36], while a 3.3 dBi variation is observed in the whole scanning range from −60 • to +60 • . In order to determine the quality of the antenna and its performance, it is compared to other reference antennas in terms of antenna height, frequency band, beam coverage, measured gain, and SLLs at the broadside and maximum scan angle.…”

“…Furthermore, it features a mechanically steered main beam that extends beyond ±40 degrees. The other reference antenna that is presented in [21] has a low SLL at the broadside and a maximum scan angle of 40 degrees; however, the measured gain is low (i.e., 19.6 dBi), and the beam coverage that is achieved is only As shown in Figure 11, the measured TSP(θ, ϕ) demonstrates the ability of the antenna to achieve beam steering of 120 • with a tiny variation in the beam in the elevation plane (±4 • ) and without any null, which assembles only from nine rotations of the disc within ±20 • . The simulated and measured gain values of the steering beam at the different rotating angles are shown in Table 2.…”

“…This is where the beam steering capability of the antenna plays an essential role. Beam-scanning antenna arrays can use either mechanical or electrical scannin proaches [21,22]. Electrical beam scanning can be achieved through switched antenn rays or phased antenna arrays.…”

“…First, to confine electromagnetic wave SIW-based horn with an extended aperture is attached to the parabolic reflector to c a closed-form platform. Second, a single coupling slot is created alongside and wit Beam-scanning antenna arrays can use either mechanical or electrical scanning approaches [21,22]. Electrical beam scanning can be achieved through switched antenna arrays or phased antenna arrays.…”

“…Although these methods offer the advantages of low profile and rapid scanning speed, they are expensive, complex to implement, and suffer from high loss at higher frequencies, making them unsuitable for use in commercial terminal devices [23][24][25][26]. On the other hand, mechanical beam scanning is low-cost and offers high gain, but it is typically bulky and heavy and unsuitable for recent applications requiring compact designs [21,27].…”