“…However, in some cases, researchers have also used real-time sensors to monitor the PV system to assess for quality control issues. A few researchers have already proposed a low-cost PV monitoring system which uses sensors to measure incoming solar irradiance, ambient and module temperature, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, attributes associated with max power, fill factor, and PV panel efficiency [55]. In these cases, the researchers have proposed the hardware application to use of off-the-shelf sensors, such as a pyranometer for solar irradiance, thermocouple to detect temperature, shunt resistor to measure current, and voltage divider to obtain voltage.…”