A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

Berto, Riccardo; Napoletano, Paolo; Savi, Marco

doi:10.3390/s21134314

Cited by 39 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…By adopting different technologies, proposed methods try to provide context-aware solutions and improve these factors. Finally, as power consumption efficiency in a smart city is an important factor, multi-technology networks and resource-aware have emerged as an important technology to improve this factor [133][134][135][136].…”

Section: Comparative Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

et al. 2021

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Large-scale deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT) are adopted for performance improvement and cost reduction in several application domains. The four main IoT application domains covered throughout this article are smart cities, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and smart manufacturing. To increase IoT applicability, data generated by the IoT devices need to be time-stamped and spatially contextualized. LPWANs have become an attractive solution for outdoor localization and received significant attention from the research community due to low-power, low-cost, and long-range communication. In addition, its signals can be used for communication and localization simultaneously. There are different proposed localization methods to obtain the IoT relative location. Each category of these proposed methods has pros and cons that make them useful for specific IoT systems. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in proposed localization methods that need to be eliminated to meet the IoT ecosystem needs completely. This has motivated this work and provided the following contributions: (1) definition of the main requirements and limitations of outdoor localization techniques for the IoT ecosystem, (2) description of the most relevant GNSS-free outdoor localization methods with a focus on LPWAN technologies, (3) survey the most relevant methods used within the IoT ecosystem for improving GNSS-free localization accuracy, and (4) discussion covering the open challenges and future directions within the field. Some of the important open issues that have different requirements in different IoT systems include energy consumption, security and privacy, accuracy, and scalability. This paper provides an overview of research works that have been published between 2018 to July 2021 and made available through the Google Scholar database.

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Section: Comparative Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

et al. 2021

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“…This evolution has been accompanied by optimizations in energy consumption [20], which are crucial for battery-powered IoT devices, and specific developments tailored to environments such as forested areas [21], smart cities [22], and industrial IoT. The overarching goal is to make LoRa mesh networks more efficient, robust, and suitable for various IoT applications [23].…”

Section: Open-source Lora Mesh Networking Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring open source and proprietary LoRa mesh technologies

Hammouti,

Moussaoui,

Hassine

et al. 2024

IJEECS

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This paper explores low power wide area network (LPWAN) LoRa and its diverse variants, encompassing open-source and proprietary wireless mesh networks, operating over the physical LoRa or LoRaWAN layer. The primary challenge lies in defining an optimal LoRa mesh solution that balances cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, low latency, long-range capability, and security. This study also comprehensively examines key LoRa mesh solutions from 2017 to 2024, as proposed by various authors. Furthermore, a detailed analysis is conducted to contrast open-source and commercial solutions, considering their applications, limitations, issues, characteristics, and pros and cons of mesh routing protocols. In the current landscape, the proliferation of open-source and proprietary LoRa mesh solutions has been instrumental in facilitating the connectivity of internet of things (IoT) devices. However, these solutions pose challenges related to energy consumption, latency, and suboptimal transmission throughput. These challenges are influenced by various LoRa characteristics such as spectrum factor, bandwidth, and transmission power, which directly impact the transmission range. Our research aims to perform a comparative analysis of existing LoRa mesh solutions by, systematically studying their advantages and disadvantages. This analysis offers valuable insights for making informed choices among these solutions in diverse domains for IoT applications.

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“…This translates to minimized maintenance costs and reduced environmental impact, as frequent battery replacements are unnecessary, an essential requirement for remote monitoring in locations with limited access to power grids. Furthermore, LoRa systems readily adapt to varying deployment sizes, making them a cost-effective alternative to traditional cellular networks for large-scale sensor networks [20]. This scalability feature empowers public safety agencies to tailor their deployments to specific needs and budgets, ensuring efficient resource allocation without compromising coverage or response times.…”

Section: B Lora Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient LoRaWAN-Based Geofencing System for Remote Monitoring of Vulnerable Communities

Ahmed,

Annamalai

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), Long-range Wide Area Networks (Lo-RaWAN), and high-speed internet, the potential to use such technologies for monitoring remote areas with limited cellular coverage is becoming increasingly important. However, existing remote monitoring solutions rely on cellular networks, which often do not exist or are unreliable in remote communities such as oil & gas and mining sites, livestock farms, and some specialized care clinics for monitoring individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, existing LoRa-based systems that are geolocation aware used star network topology, which has been proven to be not scalable to cover remote communities due to maintaining a massive volume of routing tables. This paper introduces a LoRaWAN-based geofencing system designed to address the unique challenges faced by these communities, especially areas with limited cellular coverage. The proposed system uses an optimized version of the Echo protocol to enhance the system's reliability, which runs over a mesh network topology that provides a scalable solution for monitoring remote areas. In particular, we developed a geolocation and geofencing alert system tailored to overcome the limitations of cellular coverage in remote areas. Our system utilized LoRaWAN hardware supported by an optimized Echo protocol in a zero-control mesh network to efficiently detect boundary breaches of the monitored subjects such as cattle, patients with Alzheimer's disease, robots mounted with IoT devices and sensors, etc. Experimental results showed that our system outperformed cellular-based systems regarding energy efficiency and scalability.

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A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

Cited by 39 publications

References 17 publications

GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

Exploring open source and proprietary LoRa mesh technologies

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient LoRaWAN-Based Geofencing System for Remote Monitoring of Vulnerable Communities

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