A Longman's beaked whale (<i>Indopacetus pacificus</i>) strands in Maui, Hawaii, with first case of morbillivirus in the central Pacific

West, Kristi L.; Sánchez, Susan; Rotstein, David S.; Robertson, Kelly M.; Dennison, Sophie; Levine, Gregg; Davis, Nicole L.; Schofield, David; Potter, Charles W.; Jensen, Brenda A.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00616.x

Cited by 33 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…and toxoplasmosis have been diagnosed in a variety of marine mammal species and are considered emerging diseases in cetaceans (Guzmán-Verri et al 2012, VanBressem et al 2014). Transmission of either organism can be vertical or horizontal, and infections can cause placentitis or late term abortion, as well as meningoencephalitis, meningitis, or pneumonia (Ohishi et al 2004, VanBressem et al 2009, Guzmán-Verri et al 2012, Davison et al 2013, West et al 2013. Similarities in disease presentation to brucellosis or toxoplasmosis in SRWs include death in a high number of young animals, in particular newborns and neonates, and pneumonia or meningitis in a few.…”

Section: Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual animal deaths and epizootics in porpoises (porpoise morbillivirus; PMV), dolphins (dolphin morbillivirus; DMV), and odontocete whales (pilot whale morbillivirus; PWMV) have been described since the virus was first reported in marine mammals in the early 1990s (Duignan et al 1992, Lipscomb et al 1994, Jauniaux et al 2000, Fernández et al 2008, Van Bressem et al 2009, Rubio-Guerri et al 2013, West et al 2013, Groch et al 2014, Stephens et al 2014, Morris et al 2015. All age classes are typically affected, and, in some cases, morbidity and/or mortality are seen across multiple marine mammal species.…”

Section: Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-mortem findings in southern right whales Eubalaena australis at Península Valdés, Argentina, 2003-2012

McAloose¹,

Rago²,

Martino³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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). Postmortem examination and pathogen testing were performed on 212 whales; 208 (98.1%) were calvesof-the-year and 48.0% of these were newborns or neonates. A known or probable cause of death was established in only a small number (6.6%) of cases. These included ship strike in a juvenile and blunt trauma or lacerations (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 4), myocarditis (n = 2), meningitis (n = 1), or myocarditis and meningitis (n = 1) in calves. Ante-mortem gull parasitism was the most common gross finding. It was associated with systemic disease in a single 1−2 mo old calf. Immunohistochemical labeling for canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella spp., and PCR for cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV), influenza A, and apicomplexan protozoa were negative on formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded lung and brain samples from a subset of whales; PCR for Brucella spp. was positive in a newborn/neonate with pneumonia. Skin samples from whales with gull parasitism were PCR negative for CeMV, poxvirus, and papillomavirus. This is the first long-term study to investigate and summarize notable post-mortem findings in the PV SRW population. Consistent, significant findings within or between years to explain the majority of deaths and those in high-mortality years remain to be identified.

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Section: Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Post-mortem findings in southern right whales Eubalaena australis at Península Valdés, Argentina, 2003-2012

McAloose¹,

Rago²,

Martino³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In addition to the Longman's beaked whale, Blainville's beaked whale (West et al 2013) and sperm whale (West et al 2015) that had been reported previously, CeMV was detected in 12 additional Hawaiian cetaceans representing 9 additional species: Cuvier's beaked whale (1/1), humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae (1/7), pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (1/1), rough-toothed dolphin (1/2), spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris (3/16), spotted dolphin (1/2), striped dolphin (2/11), bottlenose dolphin (1/3), and Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (1/1) (Table 2, Fig. 1).…”

Section: Rt-pcr Amplification Of the Cemv P-genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amplification of a 322 bp fragment of the housekeeping gene β-actin was used as a positive control for RNA extraction and reverse transcription (Table 1) (Jensen 2000). The positive PCR control consisted of template cDNA from one of several tissues from the Longman's beaked whale that was confirmed positive by the Athens Diagnostic Laboratory (College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA) (West et al 2013). Replacement of the cDNA template with nuclease-free water confirmed that cross-contamination did not occur during sample preparation.…”

Section: Characterization Of Cemv Isolates Using P-and N-genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1998, a Pacific striped dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens stranded with CeMV on the coast of Japan (Uchida et al 1999). In the Hawaiian Islands, the first diagnosed case of CeMV was in a Longman's beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus that stranded in 2010 on the island of Maui, followed soon after by a Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris (West et al 2013), and a neonate sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus in 2011 (West et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Initial characterization of novel beaked whale morbillivirus in Hawaiian cetaceans

Jacob

West²,

Levine³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a causative factor in epizootics that have resulted in thousands of deaths throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean since 1987, but less is known of its presence and significance in the Pacific. The first case of CeMV reported in Hawai'i was in a Longman's beaked whale that stranded in 2010. The initial CeMV sequence from this individual indicated the possibility of a novel strain. To address this, archived samples from cetaceans that stranded in Hawai'i between 1997 and 2014 were screened for CeMV. The beaked whale morbillivirus (BWMV) was detected in 15 individuals representing 12 different species (24% of Code 1 and 2 stranded cetaceans). The earliest detected case was a humpback whale that stranded in 1998. Sequence comparisons of a 2.2 kb sequence spanning the phosphoprotein (P) and nucleocapsid (N) genes strongly suggest that the BWMV represents a novel strain of CeMV present in Hawai'i and the Central Pacific. In contrast to recently reported isolates from Brazil and Australia that may represent a distinct clade, BWMV appears to be more closely related to known strains of CeMV (dolphin morbillivirus; porpoise morbillivirus; and pilot whale morbillivirus). Detection rates with repeat sampling of positive lymph nodes were between 2 and 61%, illustrating the extreme heterogeneity that can occur in affected tissues. Taken together, these results suggest that BWMV may be common and established in Hawaiian cetacean populations. BWMV will be important for understanding CeMV and health threats in the relatively understudied cetaceans of the Pacific.

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Risk for overexploiting a seemingly stable seal population: influence of multiple stressors and hunting

Silva

Bottagisio

Härkönen³

et al. 2021

Ecosphere

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Conservation efforts have mainly been focused on depleted species or populations, but many formerly reduced marine mammal populations have recovered to historical abundances. This calls for new management strategies and new models for ecological risk assessment that incorporate local density dependence and multiple environmental stressors. The harbor seal metapopulation in Swedish and Danish waters has increased from about 2500 to 25,000 over the past 40 yr. Trend analysis based on aerial survey data and somatic growth curves indicates that the population is close to carrying capacity. We performed a population viability analysis based on realistic life history parameters and investigated a range of potential scenarios caused by future stressors. If the population is able to resume its high intrinsic rate of increase at about 11% annually, when pushed down below carrying capacity, it can also sustain additional mortality such as modest hunting and infrequent epizootics. However, if xenobiotics will cause even a slight reduction in average fecundity, the population becomes significantly more vulnerable. In the absence of epizootics, and given full reproductive capacity, hunting of a few hundred animals annually is not harmful to the long-term persistence of the population. Nevertheless, a slight decrease in growth potential, for example, caused by exposure to endocrine disruptors, makes even limited hunting risky. Our study shows how an apparently stable and abundant marine mammal population can be close to a point of rapid population decline. Thus, careful monitoring of population size, growth rate, health, and exposure to xenobiotics as well as recording of the age and sex structure of the hunt is required to avoid repeating the history of overexploitation and another population collapse.

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A Longman's beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus) strands in Maui, Hawaii, with first case of morbillivirus in the central Pacific

Cited by 33 publications

References 25 publications

Post-mortem findings in southern right whales Eubalaena australis at Península Valdés, Argentina, 2003-2012

Post-mortem findings in southern right whales Eubalaena australis at Península Valdés, Argentina, 2003-2012

Initial characterization of novel beaked whale morbillivirus in Hawaiian cetaceans

Risk for overexploiting a seemingly stable seal population: influence of multiple stressors and hunting

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