A Longitudinal Study on the Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Prevalence and Serovar Composition in Beef Cattle Feces and Lymph Nodes and Potential Contributing Sources from the Feedlot Environment

Nickodem, Colette; Arnold, A. N.; Gehring, K. B.; Gill, Jason J.; Richeson, J. T.; Samuelson, Kendall L; Scott, H. M.; Smith, Jason K; Taylor, T. Matthew; Vinasco, Javier; Norman, Keri N.

doi:10.1128/aem.00033-23

Cited by 3 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Our findings are consistent with a similar study conducted in Australia that reported a higher prevalence (27.9%) of S. Anatum in beef cattle ready for slaughter [44]. This serovar has also been reported to be prevalent in cattle faeces and lymph nodes [45,46]; slaughtered pigs [47]; ground beef as well as in humans [48]. The S. Abony with MDR phenotype which was isolated from cattle and abattoir wastewater has been reported by a similar study from related sources in Nigeria further supporting our claims [17].…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 93%

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Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Aworh,

Nilsson,

Egyir

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Introduction Salmonella is considered one of the most significant pathogens in public health since it is a bacterium that is frequently linked to food-borne illnesses in humans. Some Salmonella serovars are responsible for outbreaks that are connected to the consumption of animal products. Cattle are connected to humans through a shared environment and the food chain as a significant source of animal protein. In Nigeria, antimicrobial medications are easily accessible for use in food-producing animals. Abattoir environments are reservoirs of foodborne bacteria like non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS), that have become resistant to antibiotics used for prophylaxis or treatment in animals. This study investigated the prevalence and resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica serovars in abattoir employees, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Methods A total of 448 samples were collected from healthy personnel, slaughtered cattle, and abattoir environments between May and December 2020. Using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the resistance profile of NTS isolates were determined. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was considered when NTS was resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes. We performed phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of all Salmonella isolates including serotyping. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Twenty-seven (6%) NTS isolates were obtained. Prevalence of NTS was highest in abattoir environments (15.5%; 9/58), followed by cattle (4.8%;13/272) and abattoir employees (4.2%; 5/118). A high prevalence of resistance was observed for gentamicin (85.2%; 23/27) and tetracycline (77.8%; 21/27). Whole-genome sequencing of 22 NTS showed dissemination of aac(6’)-laa (22/22), qnrB19 (1/22), fosA7 (1/22), and tetA (1/22) genes. Serovar diversity of NTS varied with source. S. Anatum, a rare serovar predominated with a prevalence of 18.2% (4/22). Chromosomal point mutations showed ParC T57S substitution in 22 NTS analyzed. Among 22 NTS, 131 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected including insertion sequences (56.5%) and miniature inverted repeats (43.5%). Two integrating MGEs IS6 and IS21 were observed to carry the tetA gene + Incl-1 on the same contig in NTS originating from cattle. Rare serovars namely S. Abony and S. Stormont with MDR phenotypes recovered from cattle and abattoir environments were closely related with a pairwise distance of ≤5 SNPs. Conclusions First report of rare serovars in Nigeria with MDR phenotypes in humans, cattle, and abattoir environments. This study demonstrates the spread of resistance in the abattoir environment possibly by MGEs and emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance. Beef cattle may be a risk to public health because they spread a variety of rare Salmonella serovars. Therefore, encouraging hand hygiene among abattoir employees while processing beef cattle will further reduce NTS colonization in this population. This requires a One Health collaborative effort among various stakeholders in human health, animal health, and environmental health.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Anatum in beef cattle ready for slaughter [ 44 ]. This serovar has also been reported to be prevalent in cattle faeces and lymph nodes [ 45 , 46 ]; slaughtered pigs [ 47 ]; ground beef as well as in humans [ 48 ]. The S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Aworh,

Nilsson,

Egyir

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bacteriophage assays were used to identify the Salmonella and phage populations in the composite environment manure pack samples. The samples were selectively enriched for Salmonella and Salmonella isolates (n = 64), originating from feces and pen environment manure pack samples from the pre-trial sampling period (Days -36 and -21), were sequenced to determine Salmonella serovars and to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes using previously described methods [18]. Specifically, all available environmental Salmonella isolates (n = 19) and up to 3 fecal Salmonella isolates per pen (n = 45) were selected.…”

Section: Pen Manure Salmonella Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phage spot assays were conducted to identify and develop a bacteriophage cocktail treatment that would be effective against the Salmonella serovars identified in the feedlot environment and cattle. A representative group of Salmonella isolates (n = 31) from a longitudinal study conducted in 2019 were selected to be evenly distributed across all variables of interest: 8 serovars, 7 months, 5 sample types, and 24 out of 30 pens (Table S3) [18]. This provided a robust collection of isolates that were representative of the Salmonella population from the WTAMU Feedlot during 2019.…”

Section: Bacteriophage Assays To Determine Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of pre-harvest options that may be administered directly to the animal include direct-fed microbials, vaccinations, or bacteriophages, all with varying effectiveness [15][16][17]. Salmonella carriage in cattle is often related to the Salmonella populations in the feedlot environment [18,19]. Distinct Salmonella populations have been observed in cattle originating from different feedlot pens, indicating that Salmonella control within the environment may also impact Salmonella populations within cattle [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Field Trial Investigating the Use of Bacteriophage and Manure Slurry Applications in Beef Cattle Feedlot Pens for Salmonella Mitigation

Nickodem,

Arnold,

Beck

et al. 2023

Animals

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Post-harvest Salmonella mitigation techniques are insufficient at addressing Salmonella harbored in cattle lymph nodes, necessitating the exploration of pre-harvest alternatives that reduce Salmonella prior to dissemination to the lymph nodes. A 2 × 2, unbalanced experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of pre-harvest treatments applied to the pen surface for Salmonella mitigation in cattle. Treatments included manure slurry intended to mimic pen run-off water (n = 4 pens), a bacteriophage cocktail (n = 4), a combination of both treatments (n = 5), and a control group (n = 5) that received no treatment. Environment samples from 18 feedlot pens and fecal grabs, hide swabs, and subiliac lymph nodes from 178 cattle were collected and selectively enriched for Salmonella, and Salmonella isolates were sequenced. The combination treatment was most effective at reducing Salmonella, and the prevalence was significantly lower compared with the control group for rump swabs on Days 14 and 21. The treatment impact on Salmonella in the lymph nodes could not be determined due to low prevalence. The reduction on cattle hides suggests that bacteriophage or water treatments applied to the feedlot pen surface may reduce Salmonella populations in cattle during the pre-harvest period, resulting in reduced contamination during slaughter and processing.

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Risk factors for the introduction of Salmonella spp. serogroups B and D into Dutch dairy herds

Fabri,

Santman-Berends,

Weber

et al. 2024

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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A Longitudinal Study on the Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Prevalence and Serovar Composition in Beef Cattle Feces and Lymph Nodes and Potential Contributing Sources from the Feedlot Environment

Cited by 3 publications

References 55 publications

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

An Experimental Field Trial Investigating the Use of Bacteriophage and Manure Slurry Applications in Beef Cattle Feedlot Pens for Salmonella Mitigation

Risk factors for the introduction of Salmonella spp. serogroups B and D into Dutch dairy herds

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