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“…For the second analysis, 637 interviews were collected from five Kohlbergian studies conducted between 1955 and 2000 (Armon & Dawson, 1997;Berkowitz, Guerra, & Nucci, 1991;Colby et al, 1983;Walker, 1989;Walker, Gustafson, & Hennig, 2001). The sample was distributed as shown in Table 1.…”
“…For the second analysis, 637 interviews were collected from five Kohlbergian studies conducted between 1955 and 2000 (Armon & Dawson, 1997;Berkowitz, Guerra, & Nucci, 1991;Colby et al, 1983;Walker, 1989;Walker, Gustafson, & Hennig, 2001). The sample was distributed as shown in Table 1.…”
“…Because these ideas have been much discussed previously (e.g. Kohlberg, 1969Kohlberg, , 1981Kohlberg, , 1984Kohlberg, , 1986Colby et al, 1983Colby et al, , 1987), we will not elaborate on them here.…”
Kohlberg's LegacyForemost in Larry Kohlberg's legacy is his modelling of openness to new developments and possibilities. When he was rst formulating his theory of moral development, the work of Jean Piaget was coming to the attention of American psychologists (e.g. Flavell, 1963), and the work of John Rawls in moral philosophy (1971) was recognised as a new way for moral philosophy to say something signi cant (beyond clarifying moral language) about normative ethics. Kohlberg's fusion of Piaget and Rawls excited many researchers because of its interdisciplinary approach (taking seriously the questions and contributions of developmental psychology and of normative ethics), and because it addressed issues of the day (e.g. what is social justice?). Recall that in the 1960s and 1970s the US Civil Rights movement, the Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal were all controversial issues that divided
“…We knew from our studies of developmental psychology, especially the constructivist-developmental theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan [13][14][15], that levels of development could play a large role in people's thinking about the world and in their moral reasoning and caring about self and others. In this context we would like to refer to recent research [12,16] which made a cogent case that sustainability leaders' level of development influenced the quality of their leadership.…”
Section: The Possible Relevance Of Developmental Stagesmentioning
This case report is about a regional land-use planning project in the Netherlands. Initiated by the province of Gelderland and Radboud University (RU), the project aimed to create "Communities of Ownership" (CoO's), local associations of townspeople who would engage in collaborative vision-building related to sustainable land development. The guiding conceptual model was "The Natural Step" (TNS), a systems-level approach to sustainability. We describe the land-use project and the learning history we constructed to help project managers and facilitators learn from the different perspectives that project actors conveyed. The learning history indicated that the project had limited success. We discuss four factors shaping the project's results and the lessons learned related to those factors. The first lesson concerns the importance of a shared vision for sustainability among stakeholder groups. The second focuses on the preconditions necessary to work with The Natural Step effectively in certain contexts. Lesson three is about what it takes for a learning history to serve as a catalyst for collective learning and project improvement. Lesson four sheds light on the importance of respecting differences in stakeholders' levels of sustainability awareness. We speculate that these differences may have shared characteristics with the kind of developmental differences that constructivist stage theorists of human development have articulated. Finally, we discuss the implications of our analysis for the leadership of sustainability initiatives.
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