A Longitudinal Study of Adaptive Changes in Oxygen Transport and Body Composition

Abstract

The effects of a 20-day period of bed rest followed by a 55-day period of physical training were studied in five male subjects, aged 19 to 21. Three of the subjects had previously been sedentary, and two of them had been physically active. The studies after bed rest and after physical training were both compared with the initial control studies. Effects of Bed Rest All five subjects responded quite similarly to the bed rest period. The total body weight remained constant; however, lean body mass, total body water, intracellular fluid volume, red cell mass, and plasma volume tended to decrease. Electron microscopic studies of quadriceps muscle biopsies showed no significant changes. There was no effect on total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, one-second expiratory volume, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, or membrane diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. Total diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume were slightly lower after bed rest. These changes were related to changes in pulmonary blood flow. Resting total heart volume decreased from 860 to 770 ml. The maximal oxygen uptake fell from 3.3 in the control study to 2.4 L/min after bed rest. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and arterial pressure at rest in supine and sitting positions did not change significantly. The cardiac output during supine exercise at 600 kpm/min decreased from 14.4 to 12.4 L/min, and stroke volume fell from 116 to 88 ml. Heart rate increased from 129 to 154 beats/min. There was no change in arterial pressure. Cardiac output during upright exercise at submaximal loads decreased approximately 15% and stroke volume 30%. Calculated heart rate at an oxygen uptake of 2 L/min increased from 145 to 180 beats/min. Mean arterial pressures were 10 to 20 mm Hg lower, but there was no change in total peripheral resistance. The A-V 0 2 difference was higher for any given level of oxygen uptake. Cardiac output during maximal work fell from 20.0 to 14.8 L/min and stroke volume from 104 to 74 ml. Total peripheral resistance and A-V 0 2 difference did not change. The Frank lead electrocardiogram showed reduced T-wave amplitude at rest and during submaximal exercise in both supine and upright position but no change during maximal work. The fall in maximal oxygen uptake was due to a reduction of stroke volume and cardiac output. The decrease cannot exclusively be attributed to an impairment of venous return during upright exercise. Stroke volume and cardiac output were reduced also during supine exercise. A direct effect on myocardial function, therefore, cannot be excluded. Effects of Physical Training In all five subjects physical training had no effect on lung volumes, timed vitalometry, and membrane diffusing capacity as compared with control values obtained before bed rest. Pulmonary capillary blood volume and total diffusing capacity were increased proportional to the increase in blood flow. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension differences during exercise were smaller after training, suggesting an improved distribution of pulmonary blood flow with respect to ventilation. Red cell mass increased in the previously sedentary subjects from 1.93 to 2.05 L, and the two active subjects showed no change. Maximal oxygen uptake increased from a control value of 2.52 obtained before bed rest to 3.41 L/min after physical training in the three previously sedentary (+33%) and from 4.48 to 4.65 L/min in the two previously active subjects (+4%). Cardiac output and oxygen uptake during submaximal work did not change, but the heart rate was lower and the stroke volume higher for any given oxygen uptake after training in the sedentary group. In the sedentary subjects cardiac output during maximal work increased from 17.2 L/min in the control study before bed rest to 20.0 L/min after training (+16.5%). Arterio-venous oxygen difference increased from 14.6 to 17.0 ml/100 ml (+16.5%). Maximal heart rate remained constant, and stroke volume increased from 90 to 105 (+17%). Resting total heart volumes were 740 ml in the control study before bed rest and 812 ml after training. In the previously active subjects changes in heart volume, maximal cardiac output, stroke volume, and arteriovenous oxygen difference were less marked. Previous studies have shown increases of only 10 to 15% in the maximal oxygen uptake of young sedentary male subjects after training. The greater increase of 33% in maximal oxygen uptake in the present study was due equally to an increase in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. These more marked changes may be attributed to a low initial level of maximal oxygen uptake and to an extremely strenuous and closely supervised training program.

Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress

“…Many other investigators (21,24,119,120,287,309,345) have reported similar results. Stroke volume decreases in the upright position by about 33%.…”

“…The process is progressive, and the rate tends to accelerate (74,77,287). The calcium loss appears to be more severe during weightlessness than during bed rest.…”

“…Exercise has been used extensively to counteract deconditioning. Very fit subjects on the other hand appear to recover more slowly from prolonged bed rest than sedentary subjects if pre-bed-rest exercise performance is the basis for comparison (287). Previously fit, deconditioned individuals are nevertheless likely to outperform sedentary subjects.…”

Comparison of activity level in daily life with heart rate: Application to elderly persons of different ambulatory abilities

“…The inactive life of the lower activity group led to a decrease in circulatory function, which in turn resulted in a higher heart rate than those observed for the other groups, both at rest and during similar activities. This speculation is supported by several early bed rest studies (19)(20)(21), in which it was reported that heart rate at rest and during submaximal exercise increases significantly after a prolonged period in a nonactive state, as represented by the bedridden state. For example, in 1948 Deitrick et al (19) reported that the resting pulse rate while lying in bed increases by 3.8 beats/minute after 6-7 weeks of bed rest, and in 1949 Tailor et al (20) reported that the pulse in a vertically tilted position (65 degrees) increases by 38 beats/ minute after 3 weeks of bed rest.…”

“…For example, in 1948 Deitrick et al (19) reported that the resting pulse rate while lying in bed increases by 3.8 beats/minute after 6-7 weeks of bed rest, and in 1949 Tailor et al (20) reported that the pulse in a vertically tilted position (65 degrees) increases by 38 beats/ minute after 3 weeks of bed rest. In 1968, Saltin et al (21) demonstrated that the increase in heart rate at rest and during submaximal exercise after a prolonged bed rest compensates for a decrease in stroke volume, and that the oxygentransporting ability at rest and during submaximal exercise is maintained by this system.…”