A long view of liberal peace and its crisis

Rampton, David; Nadarajah, Suthaharan

doi:10.1177/1354066116649029

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…Studies of this type can also help bridge the gap between business-peace research in conflict zones and those of 'gentle commerce' 77 that encouraged looking at the peace actions of firms outside conflict and crisis regions. (17).…”

Section: Discussion: Theorising Business and Peace In An Illiberal Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Economic openings propose to increase ties between states in the hopes that conflict becomes too costly to conducta claim with a rich empirical history often labelled as the 'liberal peace'. 17 However, in 'emerging' Asia, conflict dynamics are often more complex and muddled than interdependence arguments for peace imply. 18 Contradictions between economic liberalisation and peace-building after repression and/or conflict are well known.…”

Section: Business Development and Peace In Myanmarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextualising and theorising economic development, local business and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar

Miklian

2019

Conflict, Security & Development

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After Myanmar ended military rule in 2011, significant foreign investment arrived to facilitate a profitable transition to an integrated regional economy, and under the promise that foreign actors can help facilitate peaceful long-term development. However, these firms have also tacitly supported an ethnic cleansing committed by the government that most have partnered with or funded. This article builds theory on economic opening, development and conflict, using research from Myanmar to forward three arguments about business actions in fragile, at-risk countries. First, international-led regulatory reform has had little impact on endemic corruption at the micro-or meso-levels, as local elites and international businesses remain the primary beneficiaries. Second, 'development' is a contentious topic, defined locally not as broad societal growth but the unjustified picking of winners and losers in society by foreign entities. Third, business ventures are exacerbating ethnic tensions through a liberal peace-building mentality that is unresponsive to either local conflicts or local communities. The article closes by offering three ways that these findings open future research avenues on business engagement as peacebuilders and development agents in developing yet fragile states.

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Section: Discussion: Theorising Business and Peace In An Illiberal Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Business Development and Peace In Myanmarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualising and theorising economic development, local business and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar

Miklian

2019

Conflict, Security & Development

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“…Third, the idea of a spectrum acknowledges the fact that a clear-cut distinction between 'liberal' and 'illiberal' or 'war' and 'peace' is often not possible. 39 Without assuming a temporal sequence, it is quite obvious that the factors important for war onset or termination can differ from those important for non-war-recurrence and 'quality peace'. 40 Fourth, as an analytical tool, the spectrum enables us to assess the dynamics and the direction of peacebuilding processes over time and beyond transitions from war and armed conflict.…”

Section: The Links Between Peacebuilding and Democratisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The limits of peace in Latin America

Kurtenbach

2019

Peacebuilding

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Latin American governments frequently emphasise the democratic and peaceful order in the region. These claims are based on two developments: First, except for Cuba, the region has experienced processes of democratisation since the early 1980s. Second, since the 1990s, a series of long-lasting civil wars have ended with negotiated settlements and without a relapse into war. Based on such a superficial analysis, Latin America can be perceived as a successful example of the liberal peacebuilding model. However, although Latin America has democratised and ended wars, it is still the most violent region in the world. This article argues that democratisation and peacebuilding focussed rather on formal changes than on dealing with the structural problems reproducing different manifestations of violence. A focus on the interaction between both processes provides evidence for the possibilities as well as the limitations of change.

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“…Complex global threats from Ebola to the Islamic State made operations much more onerous and risky, provoking "an intervention fatigue," as alerted by the then United States Ambassador to the UN, Samantha Power (O'toole, 2014). The liberal interventionist model entered into a crisis of results and lost its normative allure, terminating the post-Cold War euphoria around creating a peaceful global liberal order (Rampton & Nadarajah, 2017).…”

Section: The Limits Of the Local Turn: Just Can't Get Enoughmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience is “always more” than our practices: Limits, critiques, and skepticism about international intervention

Bargués–Pedreny

2019

Contemporary Security Policy

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This article examines the response to the crisis of liberal statebuilding in conflict affected societies since the end of the 2000s. It shows how both resilience policy approaches and academic critical understandings are dissatisfied with the implementation of policies and programs, which seem to fail time and again. That is, there is a widespread perception that resilience is "always more" than what current approaches are providing. In consequence, it is assumed that international interventions require even more locally-sensitive initiatives that are in tune with local needs; new and better technologies, for instance, digital maps to assist practitioners in obtaining sheer volumes of information and accurate representations of space; and programs that are open-ended and flexible. The article cautions that by assuming that satisfactory outcomes are yet to come (i.e., that resilience, or a desired outcome such as peace and security, is still lacking), policy and critical approaches are reproducing and legitimizing failure, furthering neoliberal governance and cementing a profound skepticism. KEYWORDS Resilience; ownership; digital maps; peacebuilding; critique During the 1990s and 2000s, international intervention was conceived as "statebuilding," a process to guarantee a stable peace by the means of strengthening governmental institutions and consolidating a liberal democratic state; yet, towards the end of the decade of 2000s, most operations were not delivering (Paris, 2010). While just an anecdote, the UN advertisement speaks to the crisis of the theory and practice of liberal statebuilding: It was felt that international interventions were full of limitations and any attempt to achieve peace was deemed insufficient; so peace had to be continually attended, waged. Critical scholars helped highlighting the negative impact of statebuilding approaches, which resulted in costly and burdensome projects. These were engineered and executed top-down by external actors and had little resonance with local interests, experiences, and perceptions (for example, see S. Campbell, Chandler, & Sabaratnam, 2011). Accordingly, international interventions had to be reimagined against over-simplified, linear, technocratic, and Eurocentric understandings of development and peace (Autesserre, 2014;Mac Ginty, 2011;McLeod, 2015;Richmond, 2011). These critics argued for an emancipatory "hybrid" or "post-liberal peace," rooted in everyday settings and inclusive of diverse perspectives.Over the last decade, the idea of resilience has become central in diverse areas such as development, food, cyber and energy security, conflict prevention and peacebuilding, disaster risk reduction, climate change, and poverty reduction. Although it has never been a coherent policy framework and takes on multiple forms (Cavelty, Kaufmann, & Søby Kristensen, 2015;Joseph, 2018), resilience is generally understood as the capacity of systems to withstand and adapt to complex crises and shocks (

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A long view of liberal peace and its crisis

Cited by 39 publications

References 81 publications

Contextualising and theorising economic development, local business and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar

Contextualising and theorising economic development, local business and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar

The limits of peace in Latin America

Resilience is “always more” than our practices: Limits, critiques, and skepticism about international intervention

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