A long‐term evaluation of erythema and pigmentation induced by ultraviolet radiations of different wavelengths

Suh, Kee Suck; Roh, Hyo Jin; Choi, Soo Young; Jeon, Young Seung; Doh, Ki-Seung; Bae, J.-H.; Kim, S.-T.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00238.x

Cited by 37 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…More likely this is because of the advent of NBUVB therapy, which produces less erythema and pigmentation when compared with BBUVB and has established efficacy. 7,13 Survey results also pointed to a more frequent use of NBUVB for stage IA disease in patients with a lighter skin phototype, and demonstrated a reliance on PUVA for stage IB and IIA and for darker skin types. NBUVB does not penetrate the skin as deeply as UVA, 14 which may explain the preferential use of NBUVB in only stage IA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Online survey and literature review

Carter

Zug

2009

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Online survey and literature review

Carter

Zug

2009

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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“…The DTR develops gradually over the course of several hours to several days or longer, depending on the duration of UVR exposure. UVA and UVB both induce delayed tanning, but the tans produced develop over different time courses and persist for different lengths of time (69). Delayed tanning involves the redistribution of melanin more toward the surface of the skin as in IPD, changes in the shape and intracellular location of melanin [such as the development of protective supranuclear caps of melanosomes over the nuclei of keratinocytes (70)], and increased de novo synthesis of eumelanin (71)(72)(73).…”

Section: Uv Radiation and The Evolution Of Tanningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation

Jablonski

Chaplin

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

607

609

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Human skin pigmentation is the product of two clines produced by natural selection to adjust levels of constitutive pigmentation to levels of UV radiation (UVR). One cline was generated by high UVR near the equator and led to the evolution of dark, photoprotective, eumelanin-rich pigmentation. The other was produced by the requirement for UVB photons to sustain cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D 3 in low-UVB environments, and resulted in the evolution of depigmented skin. As hominins dispersed outside of the tropics, they experienced different intensities and seasonal mixtures of UVA and UVB. Extreme UVA throughout the year and two equinoctial peaks of UVB prevail within the tropics. Under these conditions, the primary selective pressure was to protect folate by maintaining dark pigmentation. Photolysis of folate and its main serum form of 5-methylhydrofolate is caused by UVR and by reactive oxygen species generated by UVA. Competition for folate between the needs for cell division, DNA repair, and melanogenesis is severe under stressful, high-UVR conditions and is exacerbated by dietary insufficiency. Outside of tropical latitudes, UVB levels are generally low and peak only once during the year. The populations exhibiting maximally depigmented skin are those inhabiting environments with the lowest annual and summer peak levels of UVB. Development of facultative pigmentation (tanning) was important to populations settling between roughly 23°and 46°, where levels of UVB varied strongly according to season. Depigmented and tannable skin evolved numerous times in hominin evolution via independent genetic pathways under positive selection.ariation in skin color is the most noticeable of human polymorphisms. As visually dominant mammals, we readily notice differences in skin color in each other. As primates who uniquely use language to create categories, we readily give names to these differences. Since the mid-18th century, skin color has been the single most important physical trait used to define human groups, including variously named varieties, races, subspecies, and species. Charles Darwin observed variation in human skin color while abroad during the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836), but he soundly rejected the notion that physical differences such as skin color constituted the basis for distinguishing separate human species (1). Darwin's rejection of the existence of distinct human species was based upon his observation that human groups "graduate into each other, and that it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive character between them" (1, p. 226). His aversion to the separation of humans into discrete species was also motivated by his vehement aversion to slavery, which in his lifetime was defended and promoted on the basis of the superiority and inferiority of allegedly distinct human species (2). It is also well known that early in his career, Darwin collected copious notes on human origins and descent (3), but "without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with a det...

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“…The b* value indicates chromaticity of the yellow-positive and blue-negative values. In our study, the L value (lightness) was taken for evaluation of the efficacy before and after the treatment 26 . In this study, visual observations were carried out for each group and scores were obtained, while the L values were obtained using the chromameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inhibitory Effect of Phytoclear-EL1 on Melanogenesis

et al. 2009

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Background: Phytoclear-EL1, an extract from Euphorbia lathyris seeds, has a whitening effect due to inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of phytoclear-EL1 on melanogenesis. Methods: Cultured B-16 melanoma cells and 30 human volunteers were used for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Phytoclear-EL1 was added to the cultured B-16 melanoma cells, and applied to UVB-induced hyperpigmented lesions of human volunteers twice daily for 7 weeks. Changes in the number of B-16 melanoma cells, as well as changes in morphology, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity, were measured and then compared with the normal control and the 10 −3 M arbutin groups. Also, the effect of phytoclear-EL1 on UVB-induced hyperpigmented lesions was examined through subjective and objective measurements. Results: In the in vitro study (p＜0.05), the number, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity of cultured B-16 melanoma cells were decreased in the 5μg/ml phytoclear-EL1 group compared to the control group. On objective assessment with a chromameter, the 0.2% phytoclear-EL1 group had a larger difference in the mean L values before and 7 weeks after applying phytoclear-EL1 as compared to the other groups. On subjective assessment by both the researchers and subjects 7 weeks after applying experimental materials, the 0.2% phytoclear-EL1 group and positive control (3% arbutin) had higher scores than the placebo groups. These results demonstrated that phytoclear-EL1 in vivo and in vitro had an inhibitory effect on melano-

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A long‐term evaluation of erythema and pigmentation induced by ultraviolet radiations of different wavelengths

Abstract: Two MED of UVA produced far prolonged erythema and pigmentation than UVB. For UVA, UVA-1 and BBUVA showed similar intensity and time course of skin reaction. For UVB, erythema and pigmentation produced by NBUVB were milder in intensity and shorter in a time course than those by BBUVB.

Cited by 37 publications

References 23 publications

Phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Online survey and literature review

Phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Online survey and literature review

Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation

The Inhibitory Effect of Phytoclear-EL1 on Melanogenesis

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