A long-lasting steady period of isotopically heavy carbon in the late Silurian ocean: evolution of the &amp;delta;13 record and its significance for an integrated &amp;delta;13, graptolite and conodont stratigraphy

Frýda, Jiří; Manda, Štěpán

doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1436

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The mid-Ludfordian facial anomaly (as with other Silurian CIE-related events - Munnecke et al 2003Munnecke et al , 2010 is characterized by the widespread expansion of reefs (Brunton et al 1998) and carbonate platforms (Frýda & Manda 2013). The broad occurrence of microbial carbonates (Calner 2005a) is represented by open-marine stromatolites (Cherns 1982, Calner 2005c, Antoshkina 2014) and the mass occurrence of oncoids (WigforssLange 1999, Samtleben et al 2000, Arp et al 2001, Calner 2005c, Jeppsson et al 2007, Brett et al 2009, Kozłowski & Munnecke 2010.…”

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the outer parts of ramps, the mid-Ludfordian CIE starts with an abrupt facies change from shales to carbonates, with a shallowing-upward trend observed across the CIE interval (Jeppsson et al 2007, Lehnert et al 2007a, Brett et al 2009, Martma et al 2010, Frýda & Manda 2013. However, the inner-ramp successions, containing a well-defined proximal sequence boundary (SB), record a pronounced unconformity near the base of the rapidly increasing limb of the CIE (BarrandianMušlovka: Lehnert et al 2007b, Gotland: Eriksson & Calner 2008, Holy Cross Mountains: Kozłowski & Munnecke 2010).…”

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The similar maximal absolute values of the mid-Ludfordian CIE are recognized across the carbonate platforms of Baltica, Perunica and Gondwana. In the inner platform areas the CIE maximal values (S-Zone -Frýda & Manda 2013) are probably missing due to the emersion of the platform top, during the prolonged sea-level lowstand (see discussions in Lehnert 2007, Kozłowski & Sobień 2012, Gocke et al 2013, Frýda & Manda 2013.…”

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paradoxically, one of the crucial features of the Silurian CIEs is the laterally differentiated amplitude of the excursion with a basinward decline (Loydell 2007), coexisting with the synchronous appearance of the excursion (Cramer et al 2010) and certain for each event maximal δ 13 C values (see fig. 7 in Frýda & Manda 2013). In the case of the mid-Ludfordian CIE, the maximum δ 13 C values have been noted (Wigforss-Lange 1999) in the shallowest zone of the semi-enclosed (Baltic) foreland basin, which shows analogy to the most 13 C-enriched Recent marine carbonates (e.g.…”

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loydell 2007, Cramer & Munnecke 2008, Holmden et al 2012, Kozłowski & Sobień 2012, Frýda & Manda 2013, Ghienne et al 2014 and to date several models have been proposed (summarized in Calner 2008, Ghienne et al 2014. Early Palaeozoic CIEs appear to coincide with perturbations in the isotopic record of sulphur (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Eolian dust influx and massive whitings during the kozlowski/Lau Event: carbonate hypersaturation as a possible driver of the mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion

Kozłowski¹

2015

Bull. Geosci.

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The mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE) is one of the biggest perturbation in the isotope and facies record in the Palaeozoic. However, its causes still remain unknown. In the periplatform setting of the Baltica palaeocontinent the event interval contains rock-forming minute calcite crystals, interpreted here as suspension-originated analogues of recent whitings and calcite rafts. The grains were preferentially formed around picocyanobacterial filaments, which are preserved as tubes inside. An event-related, 9 m-thick, massive calcisiltite bed points to the persistent hypersaturated state conditions (HSS) during the increasing limb of the CIE. The studied interval contains also a significant admixture of minute-sized detrital dolomite grains, appear for the first time several meters below and reach peak abundance immediately below the calcisiltite interval. The dolomite grains show consistent δ 13 C values (~0‰) across the CIE. Their record is decoupled from the bulk-rock C-isotope record and thus indicates overwhelmingly pre-sedimentary formation and extrabasinal provenance of the dolomite. The size and provenance of the grains, along with their incorporation into surface water precipitates and formation of specific very thin laminas with internal density gradation of grains (dolomite-quartz couplets), suggest the eolian delivery of the grains to the basin. The dust influx pulses seem to have triggered the calcite precipitation events. Furthermore, the size-frequency distribution of the pyrite framboids across the studied interval shows that the progressing dust influx was followed by persistent euxinia occurring right before and during the increasing limb of the CIE. In the proposed model, globally enhanced eolian delivery of iron during the assumed glaciation promoted high net pyrite formation. The resulting "sulphate to bicarbonate exchange", a hypothetical dissolution of eolian carbonate dust particles in deep basins, a concurrent bicarbonate supply from the carbonates emerged due to the sea-level fall, and a parallel cessation of the carbonate factory (exposed carbonate platform tops), raised the alkalinity and formed the global carbonate hypersaturated state (HSS) of the ocean. The processes needed largescale invasion of the CO 2 , consumed in the ocean by bicarbonate formation processes. It is hypothesized that during the subsequent initial transgression, the HSS was discharged by massive carbonate precipitation. The rapid "carbonate reflux" returned the earlier uptaken CO 2 to the atmosphere by fast degassing. Its fast transfer resulted in the globally synchronized, kinetic, residual, 13 C DIC -enrichment of water pools localized over individual carbonate platforms. During "carbonate reflux", the local CIE amplitude depended on the carbonate production rate, water column thickness and pool residence time.•

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Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Outline Of the Kozlowski/lau Event Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eolian dust influx and massive whitings during the kozlowski/Lau Event: carbonate hypersaturation as a possible driver of the mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion

Kozłowski¹

2015

Bull. Geosci.

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Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression, eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

Jarochowska

Munnecke

2015

Geological Journal

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The middle Silurian ‘big crisis’ refers to a graptolite extinction event and faunal turnover at the onset of a double‐peaked positive carbon isotope excursion. The crisis has been proposed to affect conodonts, giving rise to a sophisticated palaeoecological model of their stepwise extinction, known as the Mulde Event. However, the impact of the event on conodont faunas outside Gotland and the Silurian Baltic Basin remains unknown. Here, it is examined in the Widowo IG‐1 core (E Poland). The middle Silurian succession in this core represents foreshoal, shoal, and lagoonal settings on a tropical carbonate ramp on the shelf of the Eastern European Craton. Three positive δ13Ccarb excursions have been identified; the two upper excursions correlate with the Mulde isotope anomaly and with two global eustatic regressions. Conodont species proposed to be affected by the extinction event either were not observed or ranged through the extinction interval. Changes in their frequencies are best explained by the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the late Wenlock strata in the Widowo IG‐1 core. The little impact of the ‘big crisis’ may reflect facies homogeneity across the studied interval, supporting the hypothesis that the late Wenlock conodont turnover in epicontinental settings was primarily driven by eustatically controlled facies shifts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy

Cramer¹,

Jarvis²

2020

Geologic Time Scale 2020

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A long-lasting steady period of isotopically heavy carbon in the late Silurian ocean: evolution of the δ13 record and its significance for an integrated δ13, graptolite and conodont stratigraphy

Cited by 37 publications

References 35 publications

Eolian dust influx and massive whitings during the kozlowski/Lau Event: carbonate hypersaturation as a possible driver of the mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion

Eolian dust influx and massive whitings during the kozlowski/Lau Event: carbonate hypersaturation as a possible driver of the mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion

Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression, eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy

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