A locus of control scale for children.

Nowicki, Stephen; Strickland, Bonnie R.

doi:10.1037/h0033978

Cited by 1,318 publications

(657 citation statements)

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8] This study was inspired by a previous report that concluded that LOC information might be useful to enhance patient compliance in orthodontic treatment. 9 Although a specific LOC questionnaire for orthodontic patients 9 is available, there were 3 reasons for selecting the RICS and the NSECS in this study: (1) the RICS and the NSEC have already been used many times in their translated forms with proven reliability and validity for the general population and orthodontic patients 15,16,[23][24][25][26] ; (2) a minimum elementary level of education is required for use; and (3) these tests are practical for use in clinical practice with free distribution and rapid completion, and most patients can complete them in 15 minutes. The initial alternative hypothesis of this study stated that patient compliance is related to the patient's LOC and thus could be predicted by an LOC survey before treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient compliance and locus of control in orthodontic treatment: A prospective study

Lee

Ahn

Kim

2008

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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Introduction: Increased understanding of orthodontic patients will improve communication between dentist and patient; this is important for an optimal treatment outcome. In this prospective study, we addressed the relationship between patient compliance and locus of control (LOC) characteristics and evaluated posttreatment changes in LOC profiles. Methods: Two types of LOC questionnaires, the Rotter internal control scale (RICS) and the Nowicki-Strickland external control scale (NSECS), were given to 561 patients before conventional orthodontic treatment. After orthodontic treatment, the same questionnaires were readministered, and patient compliance was evaluated by an orthodontist and 3 dental hygienists. LOC scores were calculated at the end of the examination period. The difference in LOC between the good and poor compliance groups, and the posttreatment changes in LOC were evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference in RICS and NSECS profiles between the good and poor compliance groups. NSECS decreased significantly after orthodontic treatment, but there were no significant changes in RICS. Conclusions: Patient compliance appears to be a complex factor that cannot be predicted by LOC evaluation before orthodontic treatment. Patients who underwent orthodontic treatment showed decreased external control dispositions. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:354-8)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient compliance and locus of control in orthodontic treatment: A prospective study

Lee

Ahn

Kim

2008

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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Section: Locus Of Control-thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973) was used to measure the extent to which children make external versus internal attributions. On this 40-item, two-choice measure, high scores are indicative of high externality.…”

Section: Locus Of Control-thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within this study, scoring was reversed to achieve consistency with the positive direction of scores for other moderator variables. High reliability and validity levels of this measure have been reported in several studies (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973).Ego development-To assess ego development, the abbreviated version of the Sentence Completion Test, Form 81 (Loevinger, 1985), was administered. The item sum score was used to represent level of ego development in the statistical analyses.…”

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Vulnerability and Resilience: A Study of High-Risk Adolescents

Luthar¹

1991

Child Development

558

151

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Factors that allow children to maintain socially competent behaviors despite stress were examined among 144 inner-city ninth-grade students with a mean age of 15.3 years. Stress was operationalized by scores on a negative life events scale, and definitions of social competence were based on peer ratings, teacher ratings, and school grades. Moderator variables examined included intelligence, internal locus of control, social skills, ego development, and positive life events. Following theoretical models by Garmezy and Rutter, distinctions were made between compensatory factors (which are directly related to competence) and protective/vulnerability factors (which interact with stress in influencing competence). Ego development was found to be compensatory against stress. Internality and social skills proved to be protective factors, while intelligence and positive events were involved in vulnerability processes. This study also revealed that children labeled as resilient were significantly more depressed and anxious than were competent children from low stress backgrounds.Faced with life stresses, many children develop psychological difficulties, while others function well. Children in the latter group, labeled "resilient" or "stress resistant," defy expectation by developing into well-adapted individuals. The primary aim of this investigation was to explore variables that promote resilience, that is, that allow children to remain competent despite exposure to stressful life experiences.The phenomenon of resilience was examined among inner-city adolescents. Much of the previous research has been conducted with preadolescent and younger children Garmezy, Masten, & Tellegen, 1984;Masten et al., 1988;Werner & Smith, 1982) or with young adults (Quinton, Rutter, & Liddle, 1984;Werner, 1989). This study sought to determine whether variables identified as being protective at different ages served ameliorative functions during adolescence as well. Selection of an inner-city sample was based on findings of higher rates of adolescent behavior problems (e.g., juvenile delinquency) among underprivileged populations (Farrington, 1987;Snyder & Patterson, 1987). Epidemiological data such as these underscore the need for research on stress resistance among disadvantaged teenagers.Operational definitions of the two central constructs embedded within the major research question, that is, stress and competence, were based on earlier research in the area. Two © 1991 by the Society for Research in Child Development, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for reprints should be directed to Suniya Luthar, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 27 Sylvan Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519. approaches have commonly been used in operationalizing stress. One of these, termed the "life events method,' involves the use of self-report measures to obtain a count of stressful life events encountered in the recent past O'Grady & Metz, 1987). An alternative strategy has been to examine the separate effects of individual life stresses that are "ob...

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“…''Adherence'' was then introduced and used interchangeably with compliance. 2 Adherence is defined as the extent to which a person's behavior, such as taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with recommendations the person has agreed to with a healthcare provider. 3 It also implies that people freely choose to undertake behavioral plans, have input to them, and have collaborative involvement in developing and adjusting their treatment strategy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve adherence among orthodontic patients aged 12 to 18

Aljabaa

McDonald²,

Newton³

2015

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of interventions to enhance adherence among orthodontic patients aged 12 to 18 years. Specific adherence outcomes included were recall of information given by the orthodontic team, attendance at orthodontic appointments, self-reported oral hygiene behavior, and clinical indexes of oral hygiene. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches of Medline via OVID (January 1, 1966 through March 1, 2012), EMBASE, and the Cochrane central register of control trials from its inception through March 2012, as well as a hand search, were undertaken to identify relevant studies. Results: Through the electronic searches, 381 article were identified. Initial screening of the abstracts and titles by all review authors identified 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria for this review. The full articles were then retrieved. Four randomized controlled trials were found, all of which used different methods of intervention: a system of rewards or awards, the Hawthorne effect, written information, and demonstration of the microbiology of plaque. All the interventions, except the use of award/reward, were associated with improvements in adherence. Conclusion:The literature advocates the use of several methods to improve compliance/ adherence among orthodontic patients. Although there is insufficient evidence to allow clinicians to choose a single method, the results demonstrate the value of spending time with patients to illustrate the importance of adherence. Future studies should develop multiple methods of assessing patient adherence, including self-report, behavioral observation and recording, and change in clinical indexes. Such studies should test different types of interventions for effectiveness. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:305-313.)

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A locus of control scale for children.

Cited by 1,318 publications

References 17 publications

Patient compliance and locus of control in orthodontic treatment: A prospective study

Patient compliance and locus of control in orthodontic treatment: A prospective study

Vulnerability and Resilience: A Study of High-Risk Adolescents

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve adherence among orthodontic patients aged 12 to 18

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