“…Similarity measurement methods, which attempt to compute the similarity of trajectories, have received considerable attention in recent decades (Furtado, Kopanaki, Alvares, & Bogorny, 2016; Lehmann et al, 2019; Petry et al, 2019; Wan et al, 2017). These methods have been used in many applications, including group identification and predicting group trends, recommendation systems, clustering, information retrieval, and outlier detection (Cao, Si, et al, 2018; Lehmann et al, 2019; Ojagh, Malek, Saeedi, & Liang, 2020; Petry et al, 2019). An outlier detection algorithm, for example, uses a similarity measure to identify trajectories with typical behavior and considers trajectories that are dissimilar to them as outliers.…”