A literature review of the impact of pharmacy students in immunization initiatives

Church, Dana; Johnson, Sarah A.; Raman-Wilms, Lalitha; Schneider, Eric F.; Waite, Nancy; Sharpe, Jane Pearson

doi:10.1177/1715163516641133

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…International research demonstrates that pharmacy students, under the supervision of a credentialled vaccinator, can administer vaccines safely [ 28 , 29 ]. The application of skill acquisition in the clinical setting improves students’ self-confidence [ 27 , 30 ]. Having pharmacy students ready to vaccinate on placement would enable a more work-ready graduate and a critical workforce that can be used to promote vaccination uptake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs

et al. 2020

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Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Methods: Final year BPharm and MPharm students were trained to administer intramuscular vaccinations to adults and children. The education program embedded in pharmacy degree curriculum was congruent with the requirements of the Australian National Immunisation Education Framework. The training used a mix of pedagogies including online learning; interactive lectures; and simulation, which included augmented reality and role play. All pharmacy students completing the program in 2019 were required to carry out pre- and post-knowledge assessments. Student skill of vaccination was assessed using an objective structured clinical assessment rubric. Students were invited to complete pre and post questionnaires on confidence. The post questionnaire incorporated student evaluation of learning experience questions. Results: In both cohorts, student vaccination knowledge increased significantly after the completion of the vaccination training program; pre-intervention and post-intervention mean knowledge score (SD) of BPharm and MPharm were (14.3 ± 2.7 vs. 22.7 ± 3.3; p < 0.001) and (15.7 ± 2.9 vs. 21.4 ± 3.2; p < 0.001) respectively. There was no difference between the BPharm and MPharm in the overall knowledge test scores, (p = 0.81; p = 0.95) pre and post scores respectively. Using the OSCA rubric, all students (n = 52) were identified as competent in the skill of injection and could administer an IM deltoid injection to a child and adult mannequin. Students agreed that the training increased their self-confidence to administer injections to both children and adults. Students found value in the use of mixed reality to enhance student understanding of the anatomy of injection sites. Conclusion: The developed vaccination training program improved both student knowledge and confidence. Pharmacy students who complete such training should be able to administer vaccinations to children and adults, improving workforce capability. Mixed reality in the education of pharmacy students can be used to improve student satisfaction and enhance learning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs

et al. 2020

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“…4,5 Notably, all jurisdictions authorizing pharmacists to administer vaccines also include pharmacy students, which benefits student training and confidence, adds capacity to vaccine administration and education efforts and delivers positive patient experiences. 6 The competency expectations for pharmacists trained to administer vaccines have been standardized by the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA); therefore, training programs approved by each jurisdiction are similar and are usually accredited by the Canadian Council on Continuing Education in Pharmacy (CCCEP). 7,8 None of the P/T specify roles for regulated pharmacy technicians in administering vaccinations, and at present, it is understood that these members of the P/T pharmacy colleges cannot administer vaccines.…”

Section: Similarities Differences and Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time for harmonization: Pharmacists as immunizers across Canadian jurisdictions

et al. 2019

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“…We have vastly improved the clinical training received by pharmacy students through things such as immunization 9 and communicating effectively with patients. 10 However, as we have already established, we graduate students into an environment wherein they often cannot readily apply their training.…”

Section: Teach Our Students How To Apply Change Management Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming our nature and nurture

Rosenthal¹,

Austin²,

Farrell³

et al. 2016

Can Pharm J

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C P J / R P C • j a n u a r y / f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 7 EDITORIAL Editorial 682438C PHXXX10.1177/1715163516682438C P J / R P CC P J / R P C research-article2016Overcoming our nature and nurtureIn our last editorial, 1 we discussed whether it is the personality traits of pharmacists (i.e., we attract the wrong type of people into pharmacy), their professional culture and working environment (i.e., we put them in a culture that is not conducive to new models of patient care) or some combination of these factors that is holding back the advancement of our profession. Ultimately, we cannot point to one culprit for why the available patient care opportunities have not been more widely adopted. More research into this area is certainly warranted. However, in the meantime, every day those in academic pharmacy work with pharmacists and student pharmacists who need solutions for how to move the profession forward now. They need to know how to deal with our suboptimal culture and work environment. We would like to propose 2 targeted approaches for working with both pharmacists and pharmacy students to help move the profession forward. Use the concepts of knowledge translationAccording to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, knowledge translation (KT) is the process of the application of knowledge to "provide more effective health services and products, and strengthen the health care system. " 2 More practically, KT is "ensuring that stakeholders are aware of and use research evidence to inform their health and health care decision-making. KT research and principles can help to bridge those gaps more effectively and sustainably. For example, a recent study evaluated the ability of a variety of printed educational materials to affect the number of thiazides prescribed to patients newly diagnosed with hypertension. 4 After examining the prescribing habits of 4504 physicians, who were caring for more than 23,500 patients, no difference in thiazide prescribing was detected between those physicians receiving no education material, those receiving an insert (a short article in a newsletter), those receiving an outsert (a postcard-sized card with a targeted educational message) and those receiving both the insert and outsert. 3 We need to move past the relatively simplistic assumption that education is enough to bridge the gap between research and practice. Another recent study evaluated the successful implementation of the Accelerated Chest pain Risk Evaluation (ACRE) tool in emergency departments using the Theoretical Domains Framework.5 This study concluded, based on the responses of stakeholders, that it is likely that all domains of the framework, including intentions, knowledge and optimism, were important in the successful implementation of this risk assessment tool. 5 Without the application of this framework, obtaining an understanding of why the implementation was successful would have been impossible. By obtaining this knowledge, it is now possible to develop a theoretically based project to test empirically the...

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A literature review of the impact of pharmacy students in immunization initiatives

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs

Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs

Time for harmonization: Pharmacists as immunizers across Canadian jurisdictions

Overcoming our nature and nurture

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