“…When it comes to a listed company taking a more direct role in making a market for its own shares, a primary concern is the possibility that the firm will manipulate its share price. Alan et al [2015] address this issue (along with the more general problem of gaming). They argue that the defense against manipulation (and gaming) lies in the high degree of transparency that their procedure calls for, along with requiring that all relevant parameters be pre-announced and that a third-party intermediary, such as a designated sponsor, play an important fiduciary and advisory role.…”