A lipidomic study on the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress targeted by marine ω-3 PUFA and polyphenols in high-fat high-sucrose diets

Abstract

The ability of polyphenols to ameliorate potential oxidative damage of ω-3 PUFAs when they are consumed together and then, to enhance their potentially individual effects on metabolic health is discussed through the modulation of fatty acids profiling and the production of lipid mediators. For that, the effects of the combined consumption of fish oils and grape seed procyanidins on the inflammatory response and redox unbalance triggered by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diets were studied in an animal model of Wistar rats. A standard diet was used as control. Results suggested that fish oils produced a replacement of ω-6 by ω-3 PUFAs in membranes and tissues, and consequently they improved inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters: favored the activity of 12/15-lipoxygenases on ω-3 PUFAs, enhanced glutathione peroxidases activity, modulated proinflammatory lipid mediators synthesis through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways and down-regulated the synthesis de novo of ARA leaded by Δ5 desaturase. Although polyphenols exerted an antioxidative and antiinflammatory effect in the standard diet, they were less effective to reduce inflammation in the HFHS dietary model. Contrary to the effect observed in the standard diet, polyphenols up-regulated COX pathways toward ω-6 proinflammatory eicosanoids as PGE and 11-HETE and decreased the detoxification of ω-3 hydroperoxides in the HFHS diet. As a result, additive effects between fish oils and polyphenols were found in the standard diet in terms of reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, in the HFHS diets, fish oils seem to be the one responsible for the positive effects found in the combined group.

Biotransformation of Flavonoid Conjugates with Fatty Acids and Evaluations of Their Functionalities

“…Natural sources that are rich in flavonoids and PUFA have been (or have the potential to be) utilized as bioactive ingredients in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. However, these extracts, might be restricted to the variety of applications, due to unsuitable physical properties in the downstream product development phase, i.e., PUFA is sensitive to heat and has limited shelf life due to prone to oxidation; flavonoids have moderate polarity and propensity to interact with biological materials (Hidari et al, 2009; Dasilva et al, 2017). Post extraction modification, aiming to overcome the limitations of the natural extracts, is an option for maximizing their applications.…”

Modulation of the Liver Protein Carbonylome by the Combined Effect of Marine Omega-3 PUFAs and Grape Polyphenols Supplementation in Rats Fed an Obesogenic High Fat and High Sucrose Diet

“…A summary of the most relevant biochemical and biometric parameters of rats fed STD diets is shown in Table 2. These parameters have already been studied in the same cohort of animals and partially published [15,19,23]. The supplementation of STD with FOM, GSE or both showed no changes in weight increase but rendered more adiposity index, especially with GSE supplementation.…”

“…A summary of the most relevant biochemical and biometric parameters of rats fed HFHS diets is shown in Table 1. These parameters have already been studied in the same cohort of animals and partially published [15,22,23]. Rats fed the HFHS control diet developed a prediabetic state characterized by hyperinsulinemia and excess of visceral fat [13,19].…”

“…Comparisons were performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. These parameters have already been studied in the same cohort of animals and partially published [15,19,23]. ORAC: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; TFA: total fatty acids; FFA: free fatty acids.…”

“…Obesity increases the likelihood of developing other serious conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes [1]. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the development of these obesity-related study in the same cohort of rats, such as gut microbiota, regulation of protein expression and lipid mediator profiles [15,20,23]; the present study aimed to explore the effects of ω-3 EPA and DHA from fish oil mixture (FOM), GSE and their combination (FOM&GSE) on the liver carbonylome of rats given an obesogenic diet, i.e., high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHS), and a standard (STD) diet as background diets. The inclusion of STD diets in the experimental design allows us to test if the effect of supplements in modulating protein carbonylation is dependent on the background diet.…”