A light microscopic study of primary antler development in fallow deer (Dama dama)

Kierdorf, Horst; Kierdorf, Uwe; Szuwart, Thomas; Clemen, Günter

doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80085-3

Cited by 33 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Given the limited time- span for fluoride accumulation by the antlers, the BFC data reveal a very high rate of fluoride uptake by antler bone. The capacity of the rapidly growing and highly vascularised antlers (Banks & Newbrey, 1983 ;Li & Suttie, 1994 ;Kierdorf et al 1995) to accumulate large amounts of fluoride within a short period has previously been demonstrated experimentally in white-tailed deer . As can be deduced from the close linear relationship between antler and pedicle BFCs, under the range of exposure conditions given for our sample, the relative rates of fluoride accumulation by antler and pedicle bone remained highly constant, despite the variation in antler bone structure.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Antlers develop on top of permanent frontal protuberances, called pedicles. The growth of both primary and secondary (regenerating) antlers proceeds via a modified form of endochondral and perichondral ossification, exhibiting a number of specific adaptations to the rapidity of the developmental process (Banks & Newbrey, 1983 ;Newbrey & Banks, 1983 ;Li & Suttie, 1994 ;Kierdorf et al 1995 ;Szuwart et al 1995 ;Price et al 1996 ;Rucklidge et al 1997). Antler formation occurs during a fixed time span of some months, and in deer from temperate and arctic regions, secondary antler growth is controlled by the photoperiod (Goss, 1983 ;Bubenik & Bubenik, 1990).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Kierdorf¹,

Kierdorf²,

Boyde³

2000

Journal of Anatomy

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The structure and relative degree of mineralisation of antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags exposed either to low or high levels of environmental fluoride were determined by digital quantitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging. Bone fluoride content (BFC) in antlers (845p86 mg F − \kg ash, arithmetic meanp...) and pedicles (1448p154 mg F − \kg ash) of deer from a highly fluoride polluted area in North Bohemia (Czech Republic) were significantly higher (P 0.001) than those of controls from uncontaminated regions in West Germany (antlers : 206p41, pedicles : 322p52 mg F − \kg ash). Mean (56.5p4.5 %) and maximum (84.9p2.1 %) mineralised bone area of the control antlers significantly (P 0.05 and P 0.001, respectively) exceeded the corresponding values for the N. Bohemian deer (43.3p1.3 and 73.3p1.9 %, respectively), while the pedicles from the 2 groups did not differ significantly. In the pooled antler samples (n l 18), negative correlations existed between BFC and mean (r s lk0.62, P 0.01) as well as maximum (r s l k0.69, P 0.01) mineralised bone area. Morphological imaging revealed a decreased width and an increased porosity of the antler cortex in the N. Bohemian specimens. Mean (148.5p1.7) and maximum (154.2p1.7) BSE-signal intensities (l grey levels ; range between a monobrominated (grey level 0) and a monoiodinated (grey level 255) dimethacrylate resin standard) of the antlers from the controls were significantly higher than those of the N. Bohemian deer (140.7p2.1 and 145.7p2.2, respectively ; P 0.05 for both comparisons). In the pooled antler samples, negative correlations between BFC and mean (r s lk0.51, P 0.05) as well as maximum (r s lk0.52, P 0.05) BSE-signal intensities were observed. No significant differences in mineralisation density parameters were found for the 2 pedicle samples, and BFC and mineralisation density of the pooled pedicles were uncorrelated. Morphological imaging revealed bone mottling (denoting increased remodelling activity) and frequent occurrence of apparently increased osteocyte lacunae in some of the pedicles from the N. Bohemian deer. It is concluded that the reduced amount of mineralised bone in, and the lower mineralisation density of, the N. Bohemian antlers resulted from a fluoride induced disturbance of bone mineralisation. The rapid growth of antlers leads both to a high mineral demand and a high rate of fluoride uptake during antlerogenesis. This, and the limited lifespan of antlers, which does not allow for a compensation of a delay in the onset or progression of the mineralisation process, renders antler bone particularly susceptible to fluoride. Antlers are therefore considered a useful model for studying fluoride effects on bone formation. Furthermore, analysis of cast antlers enables a noninvasive monitoring of environmental pollution by fluorides.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Kierdorf¹,

Kierdorf²,

Boyde³

2000

Journal of Anatomy

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“…Although they grow over a very short period of time (4-5 months), they can attain elaborate branched or palmate forms, huge sizes (>1 m), and weights of several kilograms. The microstructural arrangements that are important to such rapid and large-scale tissue growth and organization are, still, poorly known, although several studies of antler regeneration histogenesis have been performed (Banks 1974;Wislocki 1942;Kierdorf et al 1995;Li et al 2005). The characterization of the three-dimensional microstructural development in antler bone revealed that antler re-growth is a process of scaffold generation, replacement and then filling.…”

Section: Antlermentioning

confidence: 99%

Informative Potential of Multiscale Observations in Archaeological Biominerals Down to Nanoscale

Reiche

Gourrier

2016

Nanoscience and Cultural Heritage

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“…The mineralized cartilage is then eroded by chondroclasts and bone is laid down on the scaffold provided by the remnants of the cartilaginous trabeculae. Eventually, the cartilage is completely replaced by bone [12,33,66,68] . In addition to this endochondral ossification, also direct (subperiosteal) bone formation has been reported to occur in antlers of different deer species, the appositional growth leading to the formation of a peripheral bone sleeve [12,13,66,68] .…”

Section: Histo-and Morphogenesis Of the Regenerating Antlermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eventually, the cartilage is completely replaced by bone [12,33,66,68] . In addition to this endochondral ossification, also direct (subperiosteal) bone formation has been reported to occur in antlers of different deer species, the appositional growth leading to the formation of a peripheral bone sleeve [12,13,66,68] . Mature antlers consist of a central portion of cancellous bone and an outer layer (cortex) of compact bone, with a narrow transition zone between the two portions [66] .…”

Section: Histo-and Morphogenesis Of the Regenerating Antlermentioning

confidence: 99%

Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

Kierdorf

2010

Gerontology

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Background: Compared with other vertebrate taxa, mammals possess a very limited capacity for appendage regeneration. The antlers of deer are an exception in that they are periodically lost and fully regenerated throughout the life of an individual. Objective: In this paper we compare certain aspects of antler regeneration with regenerative processes in other vertebrates. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Recent studies suggest that antler regeneration is a stem cell-based process and that these stem cells are located in the pedicle periosteum. There is evidence that signaling pathways known to operate during appendage regeneration in other vertebrates are also activated during antler regeneration. There are, however, also differences between antlers and other systems of epimorphic regeneration. Thus, contrary to amphibian limb regeneration, signaling from the wound epidermis appears not to be of crucial importance for antler regeneration. Healing of the casting wound typically involves no or only minor scarring, making antlers interesting subjects for researchers attempting to reduce scar formation during wound healing in humans. The fact that despite their enormous growth rate the antlers of intact and castrated deer appear to be resistant to malignant transformation furthermore offers research opportunities for cancer biology. Conclusions: Studying antler renewal as an example of mammalian appendage regeneration may provide crucial information for regenerative medicine to achieve its ultimate goal of stimulating limb regeneration in humans. A deeper understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved in antler renewal can also be useful for controlling induced regeneration processes in mammals.

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A light microscopic study of primary antler development in fallow deer (Dama dama)

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Informative Potential of Multiscale Observations in Archaeological Biominerals Down to Nanoscale

Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

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