“…Specifically, any reference to China means mainland China, and does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong, or other parts of China. This is to avoid entangled discussions about the cultural, cognitive, and behavioral dissimilarities that exist between mainland China and these other areas (Tai and Tam, 1997;Inglehart and Baker, 2000 With respect to individuals typically found in China, the literature suggests that their values, cognitive and evaluative processes, and behaviors can be traced back to the ancient philosophies, beliefs, and teachings of Confucius, Buddha, and Tao (Hofstede, 1984;Markus and Kitayama, 1991;Watkins and Liu, 1996). In comparison, these aspects of individuals in Western cultures can be traced back to the ancient teachings of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato (Nakamura, 1960).…”