A leishmanin skin test survey in the human population of l'Alacantí Region (Spain): implications for the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in southern Europe

Moral, Luis; Rubio, E.M.; Benavent, Manuel Moya

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90278-6

Cited by 79 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…L. infantum (Pourabbas et al, 2013;Mary et al, 2006;Moral et al, 2002;Biglino et al, 2010), and L. donovani (Miller et al, 2014; have been detected in blood in up to 58% of asymptomatic infections by a cross-sectional study. 14% of 4,695 asymptomatic Ethiopians were qPCR-positive in blood of which 3.2% had high genome equivalent counts (Miller et al, 2014), suggesting that distribution of parasitaemias is skewed and that perhaps the small proportion of asymptomatic infections with higher parasitaemia are more likely to develop disease and have a disproportional role in onward transmission.…”

Section: Transmission: Xenodiagnosis Vs Tissue and Blood Parasite Loadsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Rock¹,

Quinnell²,

Medley³

et al. 2016

Advances in Parasitology

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The leishmaniases comprise a complex of diseases characterised by clinical outcomes that range from self-limiting to chronic, disfiguring and stigmatising, to life-threatening. Diagnostic methods, treatments, and vector and reservoir control options exist, but deciding the most effective interventions requires a quantitative understanding of the population level infection and disease dynamics. The effectiveness of any set of interventions has to be determined within the context of operational conditions, including economic and political commitment. Mathematical models are the best available tools for studying quantitative systems crossing disciplinary spheres (biology, medicine, economics) within environmental and societal constraints.In 2005, the World Health Assembly and government health ministers of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh signed a Memorandum of Understanding to eliminate the life threatening form of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), on the Indian subcontinent by 2015 through a combination of early case detection, improved treatments, and vector control. The elimination target is <1/10,000 population at the district or subdistrict level compared to the current 20/10,000 in the regions of highest transmission.Towards this goal, this chapter focuses on mathematical models of VL, and the biology driving those models, to enable realistic predictions of the * Corresponding author Email address: orin.courtenay@warwick.ac.uk (Orin Courtenay)Preprint submitted to Advances in Parasitology July 18, 2016 best combination of interventions. Several key issues will be discussed which have affected previous modelling of VL and the direction future modelling may take. Current understanding of the natural history of disease, immunity (and loss of immunity), as well as stages of infection and their durations are considered particularly for humans, but also for dogs. Asymptomatic and clinical infection are discussed in the context of their relative roles in Leishmania transmission, as well as key components of the parasite-sandfly-vector interaction and intervention strategies including diagnosis, treatment and vector control. Gaps in current biological knowledge and potential avenues to improve model structures and mathematical predictions are identified. Underpinning the marriage between biology and mathematical modelling, the content of this chapter represents the first step towards developing the next generation of models for VL.

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Section: Transmission: Xenodiagnosis Vs Tissue and Blood Parasite Loadsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Rock¹,

Quinnell²,

Medley³

et al. 2016

Advances in Parasitology

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“…2,3 These two species that cause zoonotic VL are believed to be indistinguishable from each other. 4,5 A subclinical form of the infection develops in most persons exposed to L. infantum and L. donovani , [6][7][8][9] and the proportion of dogs that remain asymptomatic after being exposed to the parasite is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Novel Leishmania infantum Recombinant Proteins Encoded by Genes from Five Families with Distinct Capacities for Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

Oliveira¹,

Magalhães²,

Teixeira³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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To expand the available panel of recombinant proteins that can be useful for identifying Leishmania-infected dogs and for diagnosing human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we selected recombinant antigens from L. infantum, cDNA, and genomic libraries by using pools of serum samples from infected dogs and humans. The selected DNA fragments encoded homologs of a cytoplasmic heat-shock protein 70, a kinesin, a polyubiquitin, and two novel hypothetical proteins. Histidine-tagged recombinant proteins were produced after subcloning these DNA fragments and evaluated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with panels of canine and human serum samples. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different recombinant proteins had different sensitivities (67.4–93.0% and 36.4–97.2%) and specificities (76.1–100% and 90.4–97.3%) when tested with serum samples from Leishmania-infected dogs and human patients with VL. Overall, no single recombinant antigen was sufficient to serodiagnosis all canine or human VL cases.

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“…The major risk factor for CL infection found in this study was the past history of transmission in a given geographic area. These findings provide additional evidence that the prevalence of the infection increases with length of residence in endemic areas, as an indicator of time exposure to the parasite [10]. This study suggests that people who resided in the old focus acquired a relative protection due to the presence of continuous boost of the immune system by exposure to infectious sandfly bites.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 58%

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Tunisia

Bettaieb¹,

Nouira²

2017

The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis

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In Tunisia, Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) represents the most significant leishmaniasis form. The epidemic of ZCL emerged in Central Tunisia in 1982 and expanded to the whole central and southern parts of the country. Tunisian ZCL is caused by Leishmania (L). major zymodeme MON-25 and transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi. Rodents constitute the reservoir for ZCL. They include Psammomys obesus, Meriones shawi and Meriones libycus. ZCL occurs as seasonal epidemics and the annual incidence ranges from 2 to 10 thousand cases. Transmission of L. major by the phlebotomine sandfly vector occurs during the summer months, and active lesions in humans tend to emerge during the autumn and winter months. The symptoms of the disease are rather polymorphic, ranging from benign self-limited cutaneous sores to more protracted and extensive lesions that may cause severe disfigurement. Asymptomatic infection occurs frequently in endemic areas indicating a high level of immunity of the residents in these regions. The transmission of ZCL, its drastic increase and its spread are influenced by environmental changes affecting the reservoir and vector geographic distributions and by the lack of efficacy of the control tools available.

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A leishmanin skin test survey in the human population of l'Alacantí Region (Spain): implications for the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in southern Europe

Cited by 79 publications

References 25 publications

Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Characterization of Novel Leishmania infantum Recombinant Proteins Encoded by Genes from Five Families with Distinct Capacities for Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Tunisia

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