A learning-based approach to understanding success in rural electrification: Insights from Micro Hydro projects in Bolivia

Assessing management models for off-grid renewable energy electrification projects using the Human Development approach: Case study in Peru

“…The theoretical lessons normally take place at the school, and hands-on practice is undertaken during the systems installation. Involvement and collaboration by the entire community in the construction of infrastructure and installation of the systems are specially promoted so that villagers' identification with the systems will increase (Drinkwaard et al, 2010).…”

“…The energy source and distribution options implemented in each project depend on the available resources and the structure of the community. In general, when water resource is sufficient, PA always considers the microhydro power as the first option , since these systems are usually the lowest cost option for off-grid rural electrification (Coello et al, 2006;Kaygusuz, 2011;REN21, 2008;Williams and Simpson, 2009), are reliable for off-grid systems (van Els et al, 2012), and the energy is continuously available (Drinkwaard et al, 2010), . If water resource is not available, photovoltaic (PV) or wind systems are used, depending on resource availability, as their suitable to provide decentralized electrical service to rural households (Bugaje, 2006;Jacobson, 2007;Hiremath, 2009;Kandpal, 2010a, 2010b;Ferrer-Martí et al, 2012;Valer et al, 2014).…”

A new integral management model and evaluation method to enhance sustainability of renewable energy projects for energy and sanitation services

“…This technology was chosen because microhydro systems are usually the lowest cost option for off-grid rural electrification (Coello et al, 2006;REN21, 2008;Williams and Simpson, 2009;;Kaygusuz, 2011), the energy is continuously available (Drinkwaard et al, 2010), they have flexible power production for electrical equipment (Guitonga and Clemens, 2006), are reliable for off-grid systems (van Els et al, 2012) and the technology requires little maintenance and is long-lasting (Paish, 2002).…”

Renewable energy partnerships in development cooperation: Towards a relational understanding of technical assistance

“…What it also suggests is that the success of RET programmes depends to a large extend on whether (and how) these factors are addressed in dynamic interactions between the various actors involved in RET programmes (Drinkwaard et al 2010;Grammig 2012). …”

“…They also have to balance the requirements of emerging demand-oriented markets for the more affluent with donor-driven markets focusing on lowest-income areas. Recent RET programmes have put a larger emphasis on the active involvement of end-users and local technicians in the selection and adaptation of RETs after it became apparent that many projects had failed due to unforeseen practical problems and cultural barriers (Acker and Kammen 1996;Drinkwaard et al 2010;Romijn et al 2010;Sovacool and Drupady 2012).…”