A law of comparative judgment.

Thurstone, L. L.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.266

Cited by 706 publications

(847 citation statements)

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“…These submodels result from specifying whether variance estimates differ within a dimension (i.e., Case V vs. Case III models) and whether variance estimates differ across dimensions (i.e., isotropic vs. anisotropic models). Following Thurstone's (1927) nomenclature, Case V models estimate the same variance for all stimuli within a dimension (e.g., variability in perception of body size is constant across stimuli), whereas the more general Case III models estimate a variance for each stimulus within a dimension (e.g., variability in perception of body size is stimulus specific). The second distinction specifies whether variances differ across dimensions.…”

Section: Probabilistic Mds Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing clinically relevant perceptual organization with multidimensional scaling techniques.

Treat

McFall

Viken

et al. 2002

Psychological Assessment

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Multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques provide a promising measurement strategy for characterizing individual differences in cognitive processing, which many clinical theories associate with the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychopathology. The authors describe the use of deterministic and probabilistic MDS techniques for investigating numerous aspects of perceptual organization, such as dimensional attention, perceptual correlation, within-attribute organization, and perceptual variability. Additionally, they discuss how formal quantitative models can be used, in conjunction with MDS-derived representations of individual differences in perceptual organization, to test theories about the role of cognitive processing in clinically relevant phenomena. They include applied examples from their work in the areas of eating disorders and sexual coercion.Cognitive theorists implicate individual differences in social information processing, particularly construal processes, in the development, maintenance, and treatment of various forms of psychopathology (Beck, 1976;Ellis, 1994;Kelly, 1955;McFall, 1982). Clinical scientists have had difficulty finding valid methods to assess social information-processing constructs, however. One promising solution draws on the theoretical and measurement models of cognitive science (McFall, Treat, & Viken, 1997. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the potential of this solution by focusing on the use of a specific method, multidimensional scaling (MDS), for investigating individual differences in perceptual organization, that is, the way in which persons organize and represent incoming stimulus information.We first examine the conceptual strengths and methodological weaknesses of cognitive theory in clinical psychology. Next, we describe deterministic and probabilistic MDS models, which offer promise in overcoming some of these methodological limitations, and discuss their application to investigations of individual differences in perceptual organization. Finally, we describe the use of MDS to test hypotheses about the influence of perceptual organization on the operation of other cognitive processes. For illustrative purposes, we refer to two ongoing lines of research. The first is our investigation of individual differences in women's perceptions of information about other women's body size and affect and the links between these perceptions and eating disorders (Viken, Treat, Nosofsky, McFall, & Palmeri, in press). The second is our evaluation of individual differences in men's perceptions of women and the links between these perceptions and men's sexually coercive behavior (Treat, McFall, Viken, & Kruschke, 2001). Clinical-Cognitive Theory: An ExemplarGeorge A. Kelly's personal construct theory (1955) is a promising exemplar of a cognitive theory in clinical psychology. Of course, it is only one of many possible exemplars we might choose or cite. Beck's (1976) theory, for example, has had a greater influence on cognitive-behavioral therapists, and treatments...

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Section: Probabilistic Mds Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing clinically relevant perceptual organization with multidimensional scaling techniques.

Treat

McFall

Viken

et al. 2002

Psychological Assessment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is based on the premise that medical interventions are composed of a set of attributes or outcomes and that the attractiveness of a particular intervention to an individual is a function of these attributes. [13,14] Conjoint techniques are grounded in both psychology and economic theory[15,16] and offer several advantages over simple rating or ranking exercises, including the ability to examine the strength of individual preferences across treatment attributes and observe the willingness to trade between different attributes. [14,17] While the treatment combinations presented in our survey are hypothetical in nature, the specific features of the treatments reflect the characteristics of new DAAs that are of most importance to patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients’ Willingness to Accept the Risks and Benefits of New Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Kauf

Mohamed

Hauber

et al. 2012

Patient-Patient-Centered-Outcome-Res

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BackgroundSome patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection forego treatment due to concerns about treatment efficacy, treatment duration, and side effects.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to quantify patient preferences among possible outcomes associated with new, direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for the treatment of HCV infection and determine which treatment features are most important to patients in making treatment decisions.MethodsAdult participants with a self-reported physician diagnosis of HCV infection in five countries completed a web-enabled, choice-format conjoint analysis survey. The survey presented participants with 20 treatment-choice questions. Each treatment-choice question included a pair of hypothetical treatment profiles with varying levels of six attributes: treatment duration; chance of getting rid of the virus completely (i.e. likelihood of a sustained virologic response [SVR]); weeks on an additional, third medicine (i.e. a DAA); risk of a severe rash; risk of severe anemia; and number of times a day the third medicine is taken. Treatment-choice questions were based on a predetermined experimental design with known statistical properties. Random-parameters logit was used to estimate preference weights for all attribute levels and the mean relative importance of each attribute.Results284 participants completed the survey. Likelihood of an SVR was the most important outcome to participants, followed by severe anemia risk, severe rash risk, therapy type (a combination of total weeks of treatment and weeks on the third medicine), and dosing of the third medicine. Controlling for other factors, preferences were similar across all therapy types examined.ConclusionPatients with HCV infection indicate a willingness to accept an increased risk of side effects for sufficient improvement in the likelihood of treatment response.Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/BF03262498 and is accessible for authorized users.

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“…L. Thurstone's (1927) model provides a powerful framework for modeling individual differences in choice behavior. An overview of Thurstonian models for comparative data is provided, including the classical Case V and Case III models as well as more general choice models with unrestricted and factor-analytic covariance structures.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent applications include visual paired-comparison studies involving young children (Pascalis, de Haan, & Nelson, 2002;Turati & Simion, 2002;Younger & Furrer, 2003), rankings of risk perceptions , food characteristics (Oakes & Slotterback, 2002), and clinical services (Hazell, Tarren-Sweeney, Vimpani, Keatinge, & Callan, 2002). Most statistical models for the analysis of paired-comparison and ranking data are based on Thurstone's (1927) work, which emphasized that decisions should be viewed as probabilistic to account for apparent inconsistencies in choice outcomes. For example, when confronted several times with the same choice alternative pair, respondents may not consistently choose the same choice alternative each time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To account for these apparent inconsistencies, Thurstone (1927) proposed a framework that in today's terms may be called a discrete latent utility 1 model. He argued that in a choice task, (a) each choice alternative elicits a latent continuous utility judgment as a result of a discriminal process, (b) respondents choose the choice alternative with the largest utility value at the moment of comparison, and (c) the utility values are normally distributed in the population of respondents.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structural Equation Modeling of Paired-Comparison and Ranking Data.

Maydeu-Olivares

Böckenholt

2005

Psychological Methods

105

107

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L. L. Thurstone's (1927) model provides a powerful framework for modeling individual differences in choice behavior. An overview of Thurstonian models for comparative data is provided, including the classical Case V and Case III models as well as more general choice models with unrestricted and factor-analytic covariance structures. A flow chart summarizes the model selection process. The authors show how to embed these models within a more familiar structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The different special cases of Thurstone's model can be estimated with a popular SEM statistical package, including factor analysis models for paired comparisons and rankings. Only minor modifications are needed to accommodate both types of data. As a result, complex models for comparative judgments can be both estimated and tested efficiently.Keywords: Lisrel, preference data, choice models, random utility models, factor analysisThe methods of ranking and paired comparison play an essential role in the measurement of preferences, attitudes, and values. In a ranking task, respondents are presented with a set of alternatives (which, in the literature, are also referred to as options, stimuli, or items) and are asked to order them from most to least preferred. In a paired-comparison task, respondents are presented with pairs selected from the set of available alternatives and are instructed to select the more preferred alternative from each pair. The popularity of paired-comparison and ranking methods can be traced back to three reasons. First, by asking for a comparison of choice alternatives, these methods impose minimal constraints on the response behavior of a respondent. Especially when differences between choice alternatives are small, these methods are likely to provide more information about individual preferences than is obtainable by rating methods. Second, internal consistency checks are available that facilitate the identification of respondents who do not have well-defined preferences, values, or attitudes. If respondents can be shown to be consistent in their judgments, one can have much greater confidence in the obtained measurements and the predictive value of the derived scales in further applications. Third, paired-comparison and ranking data provide a rich source of information about the effects of individual differences and perceived similarity relationships among choice alternatives. This article presents two applications that illustrate this important feature.Because of their versatility, the methods of paired comparison and rankings are used in a wide range of studies.

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A law of comparative judgment.

Cited by 706 publications

References 0 publications

Assessing clinically relevant perceptual organization with multidimensional scaling techniques.

Assessing clinically relevant perceptual organization with multidimensional scaling techniques.

Patients’ Willingness to Accept the Risks and Benefits of New Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Structural Equation Modeling of Paired-Comparison and Ranking Data.

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