A Late Glacial surface rupturing earthquake at the Peel Boundary fault zone, Roer Valley Rift System, the Netherlands

Balen, R.T. van; Bakker, M.A.J.; Kasse, C.; Wallinga, Jakob

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.033

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…The applied fault offsets are inspired on the reconstructed maximum vertical surface deformation along fault zones in the Lower Rhine Embayment (LRE) rift system (Camelbeeck et al, 2007; Houtgast et al, 2005; Kemna, 2005; van Balen et al, 2005, 2019; Westerhoff et al, 2008). Therefore, offsets of 0.4 and 1.2 m were used for the instant scenarios, which correspond to an approximate earthquake magnitude of ~6.5 to 6.8 (Wells & Coppersmith, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river meandering

Weisscher

Kleinhans

Kasse

et al. 2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The meandering of alluvial rivers may be forced by normal faulting due to tectonically altered topographic gradients of the river valley and channel at and near the fault zone. Normal faulting can affect river meandering by either instantaneous (e.g. surface‐rupturing earthquakes) or gradual displacement. To enhance our understanding of river channel response to tectonic faulting at the fault zone scale we used the physics‐based, two‐dimensional morphodynamic model Nays2D to simulate the responses of a laboratory‐scale alluvial river with vegetated floodplain to various faulting and offset scenarios. The results of a model with normal fault downstepping in the downstream direction show that channel sinuosity and bend radius increase up to a maximum as a result of the faulting‐enhanced valley gradient. Hereafter, a chute cutoff reduces channel sinuosity to a new dynamic equilibrium value that is generally higher than the pre‐faulting sinuosity. A scenario where a normal fault downsteps in the upstream direction leads to reduced morphological change upstream of the fault due to a backwater effect induced by the faulting. The position within a meander bend at which faulting occurs has a profound influence on the evolution of sinuosity; fault locations that enhance flow velocities over the point bar during floods result in a faster sinuosity increase and subsequent chute cutoff than locations that enhance flow velocity directed towards the floodplain. This upward causation from the bend scale to the reach and floodplain scale arises from the complex interactions between meandering and floodplain and the nonlinearities of the sediment transport and chute cutoff processes. Our model results provide a guideline to include process‐based reasoning in the interpretation of geomorphological and sedimentological observations of fluvial response to faulting. The combination of these approaches leads to better predictions of possible effects of faulting on alluvial river meandering.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river meandering

Weisscher

Kleinhans

Kasse

et al. 2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Van den Berg et al (2002) conclude that two faulting events, with a maximum magnitude of M w 6.0-6.5, occurred along the PBFZ between 15.8 and 13.0 ka cal BP. Moreover, results from a recent trench study along the same PBFZ show that a faulting event occurred around 14.0 ka cal BP, which had an estimated magnitude of M w 6.8 (Van Balen et al, 2019). These faulting events caused a vertical displacement along the PBFZ of approximately 1 m (Van den Berg et al, 2002;Michon and Van Balen, 2005;Van Balen et al, 2018.…”

Section: Geological and Sedimentary Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, results from a recent trench study along the same PBFZ show that a faulting event occurred around 14.0 ka cal BP, which had an estimated magnitude of M w 6.8 (Van Balen et al, 2019). These faulting events caused a vertical displacement along the PBFZ of approximately 1 m (Van den Berg et al, 2002;Michon and Van Balen, 2005;Van Balen et al, 2018. A trench study over the Rurrand fault zone in Germany showed that fault movement was episodic, but the stratigraphic control was not sufficient to constrain the timing of the displacement events at this location (Vanneste and Verbeeck, 2001).…”

Section: Geological and Sedimentary Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay between climatic, tectonic and anthropogenic forcing in the Lower Rhine Graben, the Roer River

2019

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“…The RVRS is an active rift system (Van Balen et al, 2005, 2019 situated in the southeastern part of the Netherlands and adjoining areas in Belgium and Germany (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Geological and Morphological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of fault zone permeabilities and groundwater level steps in the Roer Valley Rift System

Lapperre

Kasse

Bense

et al. 2019

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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Faults in the Roer Valley Rift System (RVRS) act as barriers to horizontal groundwater flow. This causes steep cross-fault groundwater level steps (hydraulic head differences). An overview of the size and distribution of fault-related groundwater level steps and associated fault zone permeabilities is thus far lacking. Such an overview would provide useful insights for nature restoration projects in areas with shallow groundwater levels (wijstgronden) on the foot wall of fault zones. In this review study, data on fault zone permeabilities and cross-fault hydraulic head differences were compiled from 39 sources of information, consisting of literature (starting from 1948), internal reports (e.g. from research institutes and drinking water companies), groundwater models, a geological database and new fieldwork. The data are unevenly distributed across the RVRS. Three-quarters of the data sources are related to the Peel Boundary Fault zone (PBFZ). This bias is probably caused by the visibility of fault scarps and fault-adjacent wet areas for the PBFZ, with the characteristic iron-rich groundwater seepage. Most data demonstrate a cross-fault phreatic groundwater level step of 1.0 to 2.5 m. Data for the Feldbiss Fault zone (FFZ) show phreatic cross-fault hydraulic head differences of 1.0 to 2.0 m. In situ measured hydraulic conductivity data (K) are scarce. Values vary over three orders of magnitude, from 0.013 to 22.1 m d−1, are non-directional and do not take into account heterogeneity caused by fault zones. The hydraulic conductivity (and hydraulic resistance) values used in three different groundwater models are obtained by calibration using field measurements. They also cover a large range, from 0.001 to 32 m d−1 and from 5 to 100,000 days. Heterogeneity is also not taken into account in these models. The overview only revealed locations with a clear cross-fault groundwater level step, and at many locations the faults are visible on aerial photographs as cropmarks or as soil moisture contrasts at the surface. Therefore, it seems likely that all faults have a reduced permeability, which determines the size of the groundwater level steps. In addition, our results show that cross-fault hydraulic head gradients also correlate with topographic, fault-induced offsets, for both the Peel Boundary and the Feldbiss fault zone.

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A Late Glacial surface rupturing earthquake at the Peel Boundary fault zone, Roer Valley Rift System, the Netherlands

Cited by 19 publications

References 76 publications

Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river meandering

Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river meandering

Interplay between climatic, tectonic and anthropogenic forcing in the Lower Rhine Graben, the Roer River

An overview of fault zone permeabilities and groundwater level steps in the Roer Valley Rift System

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