A large scale of apparent sudden movements in Japan detected by high-rate GPS after the 2011 Tohoku Mw9.0 earthquake: Physical signals or unidentified artifacts?

Abstract

A moment magnitude Mw9.0 earthquake hit northeastern Japan at 14:46:18 (Japan Standard Time), March 11, 2011. We have obtained 1 s precise point positioning solutions for 1198 GEONET stations. Although GPS position time series have been routinely investigated and used as waveforms for dynamic inversion of earthquakes, we focus on exploring the spatial displacement features of GEONET stations for this earthquake. A movie inspection of high-rate GPS waveforms leads us to find that 76.21% of the GEONET stations in the Japanese islands subsided suddenly within 1 s between 14:59:45 and 14:59:46, Japan local time, with an average displacement of − 2.43 , 2.83 and − 4.75 mm in the east, north and vertical components, respectively, about 15 min after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. We have performed different types of independent tests, namely measurement error analysis, processing the GEONET data with a different software system, a statistical hypothesis testing under a simple assumption of sign distributions, the test computation of the displacement field outside of the Japanese islands and an independent test with the Japanese strong motion borehole network KiK-net, to see whether these sudden movements actually occurred. The first four independent tests are passed almost without any doubt, and the direction of the average sudden displacements is roughly consistent tectonically with the direction of subduction of the Pacific plate. Because there are only 78 KiK-net borehole stations available for an independent seismic test, the KiK-net results are marginally consistent with those of GEONET. In the daily seismological and geophysical practice, one may then conclude that the sudden movement within the second is real after passing these five independent tests. However, a further epoch-by-epoch check pinpoints a few more seconds with even a higher probability of sudden displacement from the 20-min three-component high-rate GPS waveforms after the main shock, or more precisely, the seconds between 14:59:04 and 14:59:05, 15:01:04 and 15:01:05, and 15:03:39 and 15:03:40 with 80.80, 84.14 and 85.89% of the GEONET stations simultaneously moving upward, southward and westward, respectively. Although these probabilities are very high, it may hardly be imagined that a large scale of sudden movements could occur repeatedly between 14:59:04 and 15:03:40. The highrate GPS results imply that some detected sudden movements after the earthquake could be unidentified artifacts of GPS data processing, though we cannot rule out the possibility that the detected sudden movements in Japan after the 2011 Tohoku Mw9.0 earthquake are real physical signals.

Effect of Nonlinear Baseline Length Constraint on Global Navigation Satellite System Compass: A Theoretical Analysis

“…e answer is positive as proved in the following. Similar to [6], we know that σ 2 3 � g T P 3 g. e following can be readily proved:…”

“…). A derivation of [6] can be found in Appendix A. It is needless to say that the length constraints play no role in this method.…”

“…GNSS compass is a cost-effective method to provide heading information in real time. It is one of the high-precision short-baseline applications [4][5][6]. By high precision, it is meant that carrier-phase measurements are used in addition to code pseudo ranges.…”

Regularized reconstruction of peak ground velocity and acceleration from very high-rate GNSS precise point positioning with applications to the 2013 Lushan Mw6.6 earthquake

“…However, if a reference station is too close to the epicenter of an earthquake, it will move by itself due to the earthquake, which will, in turn, distort the computed displacement field. Thus, GNSS PPP would be more suitable for earthquake applications; and (ii) GNSS PPP has been shown to enable to obtain waveforms for all the three components at the mm level of precision within a short period of time of up to a few minutes (Xu et al 2013(Xu et al , 2019bShu et al 2017), since most GNSS errors behave systematically, remain almost unchanged within such a short time and can be cancelled out by time difference. This high precision is advantageous and most suitable to derive precise PPP displacement and/or position waveforms.…”

“…As a consequence, the integrated velocities and the double-integrated displacements with accelerograms in the hypocenter area during a large and/or mega-earthquake are actually in different reference systems at different time epochs, and are practically unusable and not comparable due to the lack of attitude information. Any idea to combine global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) with seismic data is highly undesirable and should be avoided in hypocenter areas, in particular, in the case of large earthquakes, as may be seen in Xu et al (2019b). Nevertheless, if a simple uniform velocity model to describe the kinematic motion of an accelerograph is valid for Kalman filtering, such a combination could be possible and successful (see, e.g., Bock et al 2011).…”