A Large Payload Webpage Data Embedding Method Using CSS Attributes Modification

Lai, Jing-Xun; Chou, Yung-Chen; Tseng, Chiung-Chen; Liao, Hsin-Chi

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50209-0_12

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To compare the proposed method with others in the aspect of data embedding capacity, six methods surveyed previously [12]- [18] and the one proposed in this study were used to embed as many message bits as possible into a CSS file of each of five e-books downloaded from the websites listed in [24]. The resulting numbers of message bits embedded in these e-books using the seven methods are listed The number of fake rules used when embedding different numbers of message bits as shown in Table 5.…”

Section: A Comparison With Other Methods About Data Embedding Capamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the few studies on using the CSS file for data hiding, one example is the method proposed by Kabetta et al [17] which inserts spaces or tabs after semicolon characters at the ends of the lines of the CSS style properties to embed messages. Another is Lai et al [18] which uses different settings of CSS attributes of margin and padding to encode secret message bits.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the documents (CSS, XML, or HTML) whose numbers are comparatively smaller for data embedding so that smaller embedding capacities are yielded. Specifically, as mentioned previously in the literature survey in Section I, Jie [14] permutes the so-called subelements in the XML to embed message bits, Wu and Lai [15] and Huang et al [16] permute the attributes in the HTML for message embedding, Kabetta et al [17] insert spaces or tabs after the semi-colon characters at the ends of the lines of the CSS files to embed bits, and finally Lai et al [18] use different settings of the CSS attributes related to margins and paddings to embed bit data.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

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Steganography via E-Books With the EPUB Format by Rearrangements of the Contents of the CSS Files

2020

IEEE Access

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With the advance of information technology and mobile devices, e-book reading has become a popular way for people to gain knowledge. However, with the widespread uses of digital texts, issues about the copyright protection of e-books have arisen. The electronic publication (EPUB) format is currently one of the most widely used e-book formats. A novel data hiding method for steganographic applications is proposed in this study to hide secret messages into the e-book with the EPUB format. Specifically, the message bits are embedded into the cascading style sheets (CSS) file of the e-book using the lexicographical orders of the selectors and their declarations in the CSS rules. By making use of the fact that the selectors in a CSS file need not all be referred to, fake rules are created artificially, when necessary, to increase the data embedding capacity of the CSS file. The appearance of the e-book does not change after message embedding. Good experimental results and comparisons with other related methods show the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method.

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Section: A Comparison With Other Methods About Data Embedding Capamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

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Steganography via E-Books With the EPUB Format by Rearrangements of the Contents of the CSS Files

2020

IEEE Access

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“…The inserted spaces or tabs are invisible on the web pages which are the browsing result of the stego-file. Lai et al [15] proposed another data hiding method which uses different settings of the margin and padding attributes in the CSS file to encode data bits. The various ways of assigning the margin and padding attributes all generate webpages of identical appearances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copyright Protection of E-books by Data Hiding Based on Integer Factorization

2021

KSII TIIS

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A data hiding method based on integer factorization via e-books in the EPUB format with XHTML and CSS files for copyright protection is proposed. Firstly, a fixed number m of leading bits in a message are transformed into an integer which is then factorized to yield k results. One of the k factorizations is chosen according to the decimal value of a number n of the subsequent message bits with n being decided as the binary logarithm of k. Next, the chosen factorization, denoted as a × b, is utilized to create a combined use of the

and elements in the XHTML files to embed the m + n message bits by including into the two elements a class selector named according to the value of a as well as a text segment with b characters. The class selector is created by the use of a CSS pseudo-element. The resulting web pages are of no visual difference from the original, achieving a steganographic effect. The security of the embedded message is also considered by randomizing the message bits before they are embedded. Good experimental results and comparisons with exiting methods show the feasibility of the proposed method for copyright protection of e-books.

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