A lack of antibody formation against inactivated influenza virus after aerosol vaccination in presence or absence of adjuvantia

Abstract

a b s t r a c tIn the poultry industry, infections with avian influenza virus (AIV) can result in significant economic losses. The risk and the size of an outbreak might be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine that would be used for rapid intervention during an outbreak should be safe to use, highly effective after a single administration and be suitable for mass application. A vaccine that could be applied by spray or aerosol would be suitable for mass application, but respiratory applied inactivated influenza is poorly immunogenic and needs to be adjuvanted. We chose aluminum OH, chitosan, cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), and Stimune as adjuvant for an aerosolized vaccine with inactivated H9N2. Each adjuvant was tested in two doses. None of the adjuvanted vaccines induced AIV-specific antibodies after single vaccination, measured 1 and 3 weeks after vaccination by aerosol, in contrast to the intramuscularly applied vaccine. The aerosolized vaccine did enter the chickens' respiratory tract as CT-B-specific serum antibodies were detected after 1 week in chickens vaccinated with the CT-B-adjuvanted vaccine. Chickens showed no adverse effects after the aerosol vaccination based on weight gain and clinical signs. The failure to detect AIV-specific antibodies might be due to the concentration of the inactivated virus.

Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

“…split virus vaccines in mice (Bacon et al 2000), split virus and protein vaccines in humans (Read et al 2005;Sui, Chen, Fang, et al 2010;Sui, Chen, Wu, et al 2010) and split virus and DNA vaccines in poultry (Tischer et al 2002;Worrall et al 2009;Huang et al 2010;Rauw et al 2010). However, in our study vaccination with chitosan-adjuvanted inactivated AIV and TMC inactivated AIV particles did not induce AIV-specific serum Ig (de Geus et al 2011). It was published that chitosan can work synergistically with secondary adjuvants such as CT-B (Moschos et al 2004).…”

“…applied whole inactivated AIV is poorly immunogenic (Hagenaars et al 2008;Worrall et al 2009;de Geus et al 2011) and this is also described in chicken for i.n. applied inactivated NDV (Tseng et al 2009).…”

“…However, when different adjuvants were tested in an aerosolized vaccine using WIV, none of the adjuvanted vaccines induced AIV-specific Ig after single vaccination, measured 1 and 3 weeks after vaccination by aerosol, in contrast to the intramuscularly applied vaccine. The aerosolized vaccine did enter the chickens' RT as cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B)-specific serum Ig were detected after 1 week in chickens vaccinated with the CT-B-adjuvanted vaccine (de Geus et al 2011). Also using an i.n.…”

“…applications (de Geus et al 2011). An alternative approach for mass vaccination of chickens could be the use of live vector vaccines.…”

A plant-made cholera toxin B subunit enhances mucosal wound healing and protects against ulcerative colitis and colon cancer.

“…We should also point out that the adjuvant potential of CTB has also been shown in large animal models, indicating that the adjuvant potential is scalable to higher species (48)(49)(50).…”