A laboratory study of agricultural crop residue combustion in China: Emission factors and emission inventory

Zhang, Hefeng; Ye, Xingnan; Cheng, Tiantao; Chen, Jianmin; Yang, Xin; Wang, Lin; Zhang, Renyi

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.015

Cited by 198 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Average emissions of CO 2 were similar (P>0.05) among moisture treatments. The CO 2 EFs reported in our study were similar to those found in Zhang et al (2008) for rice straw. However, CO 2 results were lower than the EFs reported in Ortiz de Zárate et al (2000), Zhang et al (2000) and Andreae and Merlet (2001) from diverse agricultural residues, and Sahai et al (2007) for wheat straw.…”

Section: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Factorssupporting

confidence: 78%

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

Sanchís

Ferrer

Calvet

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

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Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burningSanchis, E 1 ., Ferrer, M 1 ., Calvet, S 1 ., Coscollà, C 2 ., Yusà, V 2 ., Cambra-López, M 1 . AbstractBurning of rice straw can emit considerable amounts of atmospheric pollutants. We evaluated the effect of rice straw moisture content (5%, 10% and 20%) on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and on the organic and inorganic constituents of released particulate matter (PM): dioxins, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Four burning tests were conducted per moisture treatment using the open chamber method. Gaseous emission profiles of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were also measured. Additionally, combustion characteristics, including burning stages, durations, combustion efficiency, temperature, and relative humidity, were recorded. Burning tests showed flaming and smoldering stages were significantly longer in 20% moisture treatment (P<0.05) compared with the rest. The amount of burned straw and ashes decreased with increasing straw moisture content (P<0.001). Carbon dioxide was the main product obtained during combustion with emission values ranging from 692 g CO 2 kg dry straw -1 (10% moisture content) to 835 g CO 2 kg dry straw -1 (20% moisture content). Emission factors for PM were the highest in 20% moisture treatment (P<0.005). Fine PM (PM2.5) accounted to more than 60% of total PM mass. Emission factors for dioxins increased with straw moisture content, being the highest in 20% moisture treatment, although showing a wide variability among burning tests (P>0.05). Emissions factors for heavy metals were low and similar among moisture treatments (P>0.05). Emission factors for individual PAHs were generally higher in 20% moisture treatment. Average SO 2 and NO emissions decreased with moisture content. In contrast, CO emissions increased with moisture content.Overall, emission factors of atmospheric pollutants measured in our study were higher in the 20% moisture content. This difference could be attributed to the incomplete combustion at higher levels *Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: Quema_sin tablas ni figuras_cor.docx Click here to view linked References 2 of rice straw moisture content. According to our results, rice straw burning should be done after straw drying and under minimal moisture conditions to lower pollutant emission levels.

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Section: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Factorssupporting

confidence: 78%

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

Sanchís

Ferrer

Calvet

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Straws of rice, wheat, and bean were very important biofuels used for household energy in China (National bureau of Statistics, 2006). In particular, straws of rice, wheat, corn, rape, and bean were the five most abundant crop wastes in YRD region (Han et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2008). In this study, maize straw was not included because it was unavailable in summer when the present study was conducted.…”

Section: Biomass Burning Tests and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds from Biomass Burning in Yangtze River Delta, China

Wang

Lou

Huang

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with biomass burning were characterized in the Yangtze River Delta of China, including two types of burning conditions (stove burning and field burning) and five typical kinds of biomass (straws of rice, wheat, bean and rape, and wood). According to the results, the VOC emission factors of straw burning ranged from 2.08 g/kg to 6.99 g/kg with an average of (4.89 ± 1.70) g/kg, compared to 0.98 g/kg for wood burning. Some differences in VOC composition were observed with the burning of different biomasses. Oxygenated VOC (o-VOC) were the largest contributors to the mass concentration of measured VOCs from straw burning, with a proportion of 49.4%, followed by alkenes 21.4%, aromatics 13.5%, alkanes 10.6% and halogenated VOC (x-VOC) 5.0%. More aromatics and x-VOC were emitted from wood burning compared with straw burning. Field burning emitted more o-VOC due to more air being supplied during the burning test compared with stove burning. Further examination of the detailed VOC species showed the most abundant VOC species from biomass burning were o-VOC, C2-C3 alkenes and C6-C7 aromatics. The ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs from straw burning was in the range of 13.92-33.24 g/kg, which was much higher than that of wood burning (4.30 g/kg). Alkenes and o-VOC were the largest contributors to OFP of VOCs from biomass burning. The top five contributors of OFP were ethene, n-hexanal, propylene, acetaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone, the sum of which accounted for 77% of total OFP. The ratio of ethylbenzene to m,p-xylenes from biomass burning was significantly higher than those from other VOC sources, and thus this could be seen as the fingerprint of biomass burning.

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“…High moisture content was shown to enhance the emissions of gases that originated from incomplete combustion, typically CO (Hayashi et al 2014). Although many studies have been conducted to obtain emissions factors from crop residue burning (e.g., US EPA 1995; Andreae and Merlet 2001;Hays et al 2005;Sahai et al 2007;Zhang et al 2008;Oanh et al 2011), few of these studies considered the effects of residue moistness on emissions factors; therefore, current emissions inventories do not explicitly incorporate the effects of residue moistness on gas and particle emissions. Even in the Mekong Delta, where huge amounts of rice straw are produced annually, few straw burning experiments have been conducted to quantify GHG emissions from indigenous straw burning (burning straw scattered on soils or piled up as stacks) and from conventional straw management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With these improved conditions for rice production, the Mekong Delta yields 21 Mt of rough rice (in 2008;Can Tho Statistical Office 2010) and an estimated 24 Mt of straw (dry weight of the total aboveground biomass; Hong Van et al 2014) annually. Approximately 6.1 Mt of crop residue is burned annually on-field in Vietnam (the sixth largest amount in Asia; Streets et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions from rice straw burning and straw-mushroom cultivation in a triple rice cropping system in the Mekong Delta

Arai

Hosen

Hong

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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The Mekong Delta produces 21 Mt of rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) and an estimated 24 Mt of straw (dry weight) annually. Approximately one fourth of the straw is burned on the field, which is a common practice in intensive rice cultivation systems in this region because there is limited time to prepare the field for the next crop. The spread of intensive rice production in the Delta may increase the total biomass of burning crop residues, significantly impacting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Vietnam. In this study, GHG emissions from the major uses of straw (burning and mushroom beds) were monitored in a triple rice cropping system located in the central Mekong Delta. Between September 2011 and November 2012, both wind tunnel and closed chamber methods were used to measure the emissions of major GHGs from straw-burning and straw-mushroom cultivation systems, respectively. The global warming potential (GWP) was then determined. Methane (CH 4 ) and non-methane volatile organic carbon emissions (NMVOC) increased with lower modified combustion efficiency [MCE: emissions ratio of Carbon composing carbon dioxide (CO 2 -C) and carbon monooxide (CO-C) (CO 2 -C/(CO-C + CO 2 -C))]. Furthermore, higher moisture straw stacks generated lower nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Small straw stacks (5 or 10 kg dry straw) with higher moisture content emitted more carbon monoxide (CO), CH 4 and NMVOC. These results suggest that factors that increase the straw moisture content, such as rainfall, can cause smoldering combustion in small straw stacks or when straw is scattered on the ground, thereby inhibiting N 2 O emissions but enhancing CO, CH 4 and NMVOC. The measured N 2 O emissions contributed negligible amounts to the GWP compared with measured CO and CH 4 , which are relatively intense GHG emissions; this was likely a result of the slow and inefficient burning that was observed from the smaller straw stacks with higher moisture content. In this study, rice straw burning threatened to generate more GHGs than straw-mushroom (Volvariella volvacea (Bul. ex Fr.) Singer) cultivation under the studied agroecosystems.

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A laboratory study of agricultural crop residue combustion in China: Emission factors and emission inventory

Cited by 198 publications

References 27 publications

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

Source Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds from Biomass Burning in Yangtze River Delta, China

Greenhouse gas emissions from rice straw burning and straw-mushroom cultivation in a triple rice cropping system in the Mekong Delta

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