A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study

Yilmaz, Niyazi Samet; Şen, Bayram; Karadağ, Rukiye Filiz; Aslan, Selçuk; Ertek, İrem Ekmekçi; Bozkurt, Aruz; Cicek, Saba; Bolu, Abdullah; Ucar, Huseyin; Koçak, Cemal; Çevi̇k, Cemal; Bukan, Neslihan

doi:10.1007/s00702-022-02553-x

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The right median nerve was stimulated using a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7AH, Hertfordshire, UK) at 200 μs square wave pulses, and at the intensity that corresponded to motor threshold of the APB muscle [ 20 , 21 , 37 ], which reflects the intensity at which maximum afferent inhibition is observed [ 4 ]. For SAI, the ISI between peripheral nerve stimulation and TMS was set to the latency of the N20 + 4ms [ 16 , 17 , 37 , 52 , 53 ] whereas for LAI the ISI was 200ms [ 2 , 9 , 17 ]. SAI and LAI were delivered at random within each condition separated by an inter-trial interval of approximately 6–8 seconds, therefore ensuring that participants could not predict the onset of afferent inhibition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TMS can be delivered as a single, dual, or repetitive pulse patterns [3,6]. Single pulse patterns are typical used to quantify changes in corticospinal excitability [7] while repetitive and/or patterned TMS temporarily increases or decreases the excitability of cortical areas [7] and are used to aid in the understanding of cognitive processes and disorders [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental environment improves the reliability of short-latency afferent inhibition

et al. 2023

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Evidence indicates attention can alter afferent inhibition, a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) evoked measure of cortical inhibition following somatosensory input. When peripheral nerve stimulation is delivered prior to TMS, a phenomenon known as afferent inhibition occurs. The latency between the peripheral nerve stimulation dictates the subtype of afferent inhibition evoked, either short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) or long latency afferent inhibition (LAI). While afferent inhibition is emerging as a valuable tool for clinical assessment of sensorimotor function, the reliability of the measure remains relatively low. Therefore, to improve the translation of afferent inhibition within and beyond the research lab, the reliability of the measure must be improved. Previous literature suggests that the focus of attention can modify the magnitude of afferent inhibition. As such, controlling the focus of attention may be one method to improve the reliability of afferent inhibition. In the present study, the magnitude and reliability of SAI and LAI was assessed under four conditions with varying attentional demands focused on the somatosensory input that evokes SAI and LAI circuits. Thirty individuals participated in four conditions; three conditions were identical in their physical parameters and varied only in the focus of directed attention (visual attend, tactile attend, non- directed attend) and one condition consisted of no external physical parameters (no stimulation). Reliability was measured by repeating conditions at three time points to assess intrasession and intersession reliability. Results indicate that the magnitude of SAI and LAI were not modulated by attention. However, the reliability of SAI demonstrated increased intrasession and intersession reliability compared to the no stimulation condition. The reliability of LAI was unaffected by the attention conditions. This research demonstrates the impact of attention/arousal on the reliability of afferent inhibition and has identified new parameters to inform the design of TMS research to improve reliability.

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