A “Krokodil” emerges from the murky waters of addiction. Abuse trends of an old drug

Katselou, Maria; Papoutsis, Ioannis; Nikolaou, Panagiota; Spiliopoulou, Chara; Athanaselis, Sotiris

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.008

Cited by 28 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1) is an opioid first synthesized in the United States in 1932 as therapeutic drug and alternative to morphine. It has a higher pharmacological potency but a shorter duration of action than morphine [1]. It was in therapeutic use from 1940 to 1952 in Switzerland under the brand name Permoid [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was in therapeutic use from 1940 to 1952 in Switzerland under the brand name Permoid [2]. Its ongoing misuse, especially in Russia, as Bcrocodile^, BKrok^, or BRussian Magic^, a cheaper alternative to heroin, was first reported in 2002 and later on also in the United States [1,3,4]. Crocodile is a crude synthesis product homemade from codeine requiring easily obtainable chemicals and rudimentary laboratory needs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides desomorphine, the final product contains huge amounts of byproducts and residuals. These contaminants caused crocodile's characteristic side effects such as damage of vasculature, muscle, and bone, which may quickly progress to tissue necrosis and gangrene at the injection site [1,5]. Crocodile is mainly injected, but also ingested orally (http://content.time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic fate of desomorphine elucidated using rat urine, pooled human liver preparations, and human hepatocyte cultures as well as its detectability using standard urine screening approaches

et al. 2016

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Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin. It is a crude synthesis product homemade from codeine with toxic byproducts. The aim of the present work was to investigate the metabolic fate of desomorphine in vivo using rat urine and in vitro using pooled human liver microsomes and cytosol as well as human liver cell lines (HepG2 and HepaRG) by Orbitrap-based liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. According to the identified metabolites, the following metabolic steps could be proposed: N-demethylation, hydroxylation at various positions, N-oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) initial activity screening revealed CYP3A4 to be the only CYP involved in all phase I steps. UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) initial activity screening showed that UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 formed desomorphine glucuronide. Among the tested in vitro models, HepaRG cells were identified to be the most suitable tool for prediction of human hepatic phase I and II metabolism of drugs of abuse. Finally, desomorphine (crocodile) consumption should be detectable by all standard urine screening approaches mainly via the parent compound and/or its glucuronide assuming similar kinetics in rats and humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic fate of desomorphine elucidated using rat urine, pooled human liver preparations, and human hepatocyte cultures as well as its detectability using standard urine screening approaches

et al. 2016

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“…The analgesia caused by krokodil causes users to seek medical attention much later, after a significant amount of necrosis has already begun [1,7,8]. The high likelihood of contamination with different toxic chemicals and byproducts from their chemical reactions with one another has been hypothesized to be the reason why krokodil is more often associated with gangrenous and necrotic tissue destruction than other intravenously injected illicit substances, including heroin [9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

Caldararo¹,

Rad²,

Laborde³

et al. 2018

Int J Case Rep Images

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Introduction: Krokodil use was first reported in siberia in 2002. the drug derives its name from the harms associated with its use, such as ulcerations and discolored necrotic scaled skin which may resemble crocodile skin. It has also been described as "flesh eating", as it finally disrupts the skin leaving the bone and muscle exposed to infections. case report: A 27-year-old female with past medical history of intravenous opioid dependence for 5-6 years and gastroesophageal reflux disease who presented with ulcerations of the posterior aspects of her arms bilaterally. the patient reported injecting krokodil for the past 5-6 months. she had been observing blue and black discoloration of the skin 1-2 days after each injection for the past 4-5 months. the injection site scabbed after 2-3 days. the patient continued injecting in area next to the affected sites. Eventually the affected sites coalesced and evolved into a large scab containing black necrotic tissue. In the last 5-6 days the black necrotic tissue started peeling off made the underlying tissue visible with mild

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“…Kasu gehienetan ketaminaren aizuntzaile gisa aurkitu da, hau da, kontsumitzaileak ez zekien metoxetamina hartzen ari zela (14).…”

Section: Ketaminaren Antzeko Substantziakunclassified

Droga berriak merkatu berritzailean

Horrillo

Callado

2017

Osag

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LaburpenaEgundaino ezagunak diren drogak, heroina kasu, legez kanpo daude eta haien eraginak ezagunak dira. 2005. urtetik hona, ehunka droga berri jarri dira merkatuan eta gehienen egitura kimikoa ezaguna bada ere, kasu askotan hori da haiei buruz dugun informazio guztia. Droga horiek sintetizatzen dituzten laborategi klandestinoen helburua ohiko drogen eragina imitatzea da, baina eragin ezezaguneko substantziak ekoizten dituzte. Eraginak ez ezik profil toxikologikoa edo dosi hilgarria ere ezezagunak izaten dira, saldu aurretik ikertu gabeko substantziak izaten baitira. Hala ere, eragin eta toxikologia ezezaguneko substantziak izanik, substantzia horietariko gehienen salmenta ez dago legez kanpo, ezta kontrolpean ere. Egun bizi dugun iraultza teknologikoak, Internet dela medio, substantzia berri horien merkaturatzea errazten du gainera. Gako

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A “Krokodil” emerges from the murky waters of addiction. Abuse trends of an old drug

Cited by 28 publications

References 19 publications

Metabolic fate of desomorphine elucidated using rat urine, pooled human liver preparations, and human hepatocyte cultures as well as its detectability using standard urine screening approaches

Metabolic fate of desomorphine elucidated using rat urine, pooled human liver preparations, and human hepatocyte cultures as well as its detectability using standard urine screening approaches

New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use

Droga berriak merkatu berritzailean

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