A Korean-Style Balanced Diet Has a Potential Connection with Ruminococcaceae Enterotype and Reduction of Metabolic Syndrome Incidence in Korean Adults

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is associated with usual dietary patterns that may be involved in enterotypes. We aimed to understand the potential relationship of enterotypes and dietary patterns to influence metabolic syndrome in the Koreans. Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)-VI in 2014, metabolic parameters were also analyzed among the dietary patterns classified by principal component analysis in Korean adults. The fecal microbiota data of 1199 Korean adults collected in 2014 were obtained from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enterotypes were classified based on Dirichlet multinomial mixtures (DMM) by Mothur v.1.36. The functional abundance of fecal bacteria was analyzed using the PICRUSt2 pipeline. Korean adults were clustered into three dietary patterns including Korean-style balanced diets (KBD, 20.4%), rice-based diets (RBD, 17.2%), and Western-style diets (WSD, 62.4%) in KNHANES. The incidence of metabolic syndrome was lowered in the order of RBD, WSD, and KBD. The participants having a KBD had lower serum C-reactive protein and triglyceride concentrations than those with RBD and WSD (p < 0.05). Three types of fecal bacteria were classified as Ruminococcaceae type (ET-R, 28.7%), Prevotella type (ET-P, 52.2%), and Bacteroides type (ET-B, 42.1%; p < 0.05). ET-P had a higher abundance of Prevotella copri, while ET-R contained a higher abundance of Alistipes, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. ET-B had a higher abundance of the order Bilophila (p < 0.05). Metabolism of propanoate, starch, and sucrose in fecal microbiome was higher in ET-P and ET-R, whereas fatty acid metabolism was enhanced in ET-B. Fecal microbiota in ET-P and ET-B had higher lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis activity than that in ET-R. The metabolic results of KBD and RBD were consistent with ET-R and ET-P’s gut microbiota metabolism, respectively. In conclusion, Korean enterotypes of ET-P, ET-B, and ET-R were associated with RBD, WSD, and KBD, respectively. This study suggests a potential link between dietary patterns, metabolic syndrome, and enterotypes among Korean adults.

Interactions between Polygenic Risk Scores, Dietary Pattern, and Menarche Age with the Obesity Risk in a Large Hospital-Based Cohort

“…Dietary patterns have been reported to influence obesity risk [39][40][41][42]. A plant-based diet was inversely associated with the obesity risk, whereas a Western-style diet had a positive association in the present study.…”

“…These results suggest that the reduced obesity risk may be related to the gut microbiome because a high plant-based diet had a higher dietary fiber intake, but a Western diet had a lower fiber intake. Previous studies [40][41][42] reported that the participants with vegetarian-type diets have more of the Prevotella enterotype in the Western countries, whereas among Koreans, those with a rice-based diet have a higher level of Prevotella. Therefore, a plant-based diet may be intermediate between a rice-based diet and a balanced Korean diet.…”

Efficacy and Safety of Aronia, Red Ginseng, Shiitake Mushroom, and Nattokinase Mixture on Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…Korean balanced diet has some beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, possibly, and type 2 diabetes. In the present study, food intake was estimated with 3-day food records, indicating that the participants in the AGM and placebo groups mainly had a Korean balanced diet including rice, soup, fermented cabbage and soybeans, beans, fish, cooked vegetables and fruits, and the persons who consume a Korean balanced diet belong to Ruminococus enterotype [ 53 ]. There was no difference in the intake of individual foods.…”

Aqueous Blackcurrant Extract Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion and Modulates the Gut Microbiome in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats

“…Bacterial DNA were extracted from individual feces samples using a Power Water DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA, USA). DNA libraries were prepared using the GS-FLX Plus emPCR Kit (454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT, USA) and amplified using 16S universal primers (V3 region) in the FastStart High Fidelity PCR System (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), as previously described [ 7 ]. Sequencing of bacterial DNA in feces was performed by Macrogen Ltd (Seoul) using a Genome Sequencer FLX Plus (454 Life Sciences), as previously reported [ 7 ].…”

“…Asians have lower insulin secretion capacities and β-cell masses than Caucasians and thus are more susceptible to T2DM [ 3 ]. These ethnic differences are related to genetic and gut microbiome differences [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In concert with improvements in economic status, Asians now adopt more sedentary lifestyles and eat more refined and fatty foods.…”