A Kinetics Model for Martensite Transformation in Plain Carbon and Low-Alloyed Steels

Lee, Seok-Jae; Tyne, C. J. Van

doi:10.1007/s11661-011-0872-z

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the volume fraction of AM (VAM) can also be calculated by Equations and

K_{B S} = 0.0224 - {0.0107 x}_{normalC} - 0.0007 x_{M n} - 0.00005 x_{N i} - 0.00012 x_{C r} - 0.0001 x_{M o}

V_{A M} = 1 - \exp true[- K_{B S} \cdot ({normalM}_{normalS} - T) true]

where x i represents the mass percent of element “ i ”, T is the austempering temperature, and K BS is a constant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S

Tian

Zhou

et al. 2018

steel research int.

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Four isothermal heat treatment schedules are designed to study the effects of transformation temperature below and above martensite starting temperature (M S ) on bainitic transformation kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a low-carbon bainitic steel. The results indicate that the product of tensile strength and elongation (PSE) of tested steel do not show any improvement when the samples are austempered at a temperature below M S . Finer bainite microstructure can be observed when the samples are austempered at a temperature below M S , but the highest PSE is obtained in the sample austempered at a temperature above M S (400 C). Lower PSE of the samples transformed below M S is mainly attributed to less bainite and retained austenite (RA) amount and more amount of athermal martensite, as well as the existence of carbide. In addition, with the decrease of the isothermal transformation temperature, the PSE first increases and then decreases. Different from austempering above M S , when the sample is austempered below M S , PSE decreases with the decrease of transformation temperature. Moreover, whether the treatment below M S can improve mechanical property of bainitic steels depends on the composition of steels and transformation temperature.

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“…Furthermore, the volume fraction of AM (VAM) can also be calculated by Equations and

K_{B S} = 0.0224 - {0.0107 x}_{normalC} - 0.0007 x_{M n} - 0.00005 x_{N i} - 0.00012 x_{C r} - 0.0001 x_{M o}

V_{A M} = 1 - \exp true[- K_{B S} \cdot ({normalM}_{normalS} - T) true]

where x i represents the mass percent of element “ i ”, T is the austempering temperature, and K BS is a constant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S

Tian

Zhou

et al. 2018

steel research int.

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“…The effect of those alloying elements on the kinetics of athermal martensitic transformation was therefore not considered by van Bohemen and Sietsma. Recently, Lee and Van Tyne [15] modified the K-M equation adding two parameters, a and b in Table I, which are composition dependent. They suggested that the actual variation of the martensite formation in alloy steel had a sigmoidal temperature dependence and that their equation captured the correct sigmoidal temperature dependence of the transformation of alloy steels.…”

Section: ½2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the effect of B on the kinetics of the martensitic transformation has not been studied. In addition, the effects of alloying elements on a, i.e., the kinetics of martensitic transformation, have rarely been reported, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, only the results reported by van Bohemen and Sietsma [14] and Lee et al [15] are currently available for comparison. van Bohemen and Sietsma did not provide an explanation for the sign of the rate parameter a and justification of their results will require further study.…”

Section: ½2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Methodology for the Quench Temperature Selection in Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processing of Steels

Seo

Cho

Cooman

2016

Metall Mater Trans A

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The original method to select the optimum quench temperature for quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing aims to determine the quench temperature which yields a maximum volume fraction of retained austenite. In the present study, the original method was reviewed and refined by comparison with experimental results. The proposed methodology is based on the use of a modified Koistinen-Marburger equation for the kinetics of the athermal martensite transformation of steels containing C, Mn, Si, Cr, and B.The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing was proposed to obtain a steel microstructure consisting of a martensitic matrix with a considerable volume fraction of C-enriched retained austenite. [1,2] Figure 1 shows a schematic of the thermal cycle used for Q&P processing. The Q&P processing consists of four stages: a full or partial austenitization stage, an initial quenching stage, a partitioning stage, and a final quenching stage. When the fully austenitized or intercritically annealed steel is initially quenched to a quench temperature (T Q ) between the martensite-start (M s ) and the martensite-finish (M f ) temperatures, austenite is partially transformed to primary martensite (a¢ primary ). The quenched steel is then reheated to a partitioning temperature (T P ). During the partitioning stage, C diffuses from the supersaturated a¢ primary into the untransformed austenite (c primary ). As a result, the M s temperature of the C-enriched austenite is lowered and this results in the stabilization of the untransformed austenite at room temperature. Some austenite may transform to martensite during the final quenching stage due to insufficient C partitioning. This martensite is referred to as secondary martensite (a¢ secondary ). The microstructure obtained after Q&P processing consists of C-enriched austenite in a lath martensite matrix. The martensite matrix gives the material a high strength and the C-enriched austenite enhances the elongation and the toughness. In earlier studies, [3][4][5][6][7] the Q&P processing of advanced high strength steel has been shown to improve their ductility due to the activation of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect.In Q&P processing, the selection of T Q is of primary importance in obtaining the maximum volume fraction of retained austenite. If T Q is too high, a large volume fraction of untransformed austenite remains present in the microstructure after the initial quenching stage. The C content in the austenite after the partitioning stage is low, resulting in a less stable retained austenite. On the other hand, if T Q is too low, a small volume fraction of austenite remains after the initial quenching stage. In this case, the C content in the austenite after the partitioning stage is high. This results in a very stable retained austenite which may not undergo strain-induced martensitic transformation. The optimum T Q is usually taken as the temperature for which the volume fraction of retained austenite is maximum. Speer et al. [1] developed a T Q selec...

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“…The formal description of martensitic transformation kinetics remains an active topic in steel research, now exceeding nearly a century of interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . The equations predicting this phenomenon invariably contain fitting parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autocatalysis, Entropic Aspects and the Martensite Transformation Curve in Iron-Base Alloys

Guimarães

Rios

2017

Mat. Res.

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This study advances a methodology that consolidates the description of time-dependent (isothermal) as well as time-independent (athermal) martensitic transformation curves. Our model is applied in an extended 3-space, thus permitting inclusion of the effects of autocatalysis on nucleation to be distinguished from the initiation of the transformation, as influenced by entropic barriers. Autocatalysis is then considered as a mechanism for circumventing the effect of the latter. The utility of this proposed mathematical formalism was validated with a database consisting of seven different steels that transform athermally or isothermally.

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A Kinetics Model for Martensite Transformation in Plain Carbon and Low-Alloyed Steels

Cited by 71 publications

References 16 publications

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S

Modified Methodology for the Quench Temperature Selection in Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processing of Steels

Autocatalysis, Entropic Aspects and the Martensite Transformation Curve in Iron-Base Alloys

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A Kinetics Model for Martensite Transformation in Plain Carbon and Low-Alloyed Steels

Cited by 71 publications

References 16 publications

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above MS

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above MS

Modified Methodology for the Quench Temperature Selection in Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processing of Steels

Autocatalysis, Entropic Aspects and the Martensite Transformation Curve in Iron-Base Alloys

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Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S

Refined Bainite Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High‐Strength Low‐Carbon Bainitic Steel Treated by Austempering Below and Above M_S