A Kernel for Energy-Neutral Real-Time Systems with Mixed Criticalities

Wägemann, Peter; Distler, Tobias; Janker, Heiko; Raffeck, Phillip; Sieh, Volkmar

doi:10.1109/rtas.2016.7461320

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Slack is an undesired property of resource-constrained systems since these systems aim to exploit best the available resources. In order to mitigate this problem of slack and support efficient operation, the dissertation presents the EnOS operating-system kernel [29,30]. The basic idea of EnOS is the awareness of mentioned analysis pessimism.…”

Section: Making Use Of Analysis Pessimism On System Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems

Wägemann

2022

Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020

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The reliable operation of systems with both timing and energy requirements is a fundamental challenge in the area of safety-critical embedded systems. In order to provide guarantees for the execution of tasks within given resource budgets, these systems demand bounds of the worst-case execution time (WCET) and the worst-case energy consumption (WCEC). While static WCET analysis techniques are well established in the software development process of real-time systems nowadays, these program analysis techniques are not directly applicable to the fundamentally different behavior of energy consumption and the determination of the WCEC. Besides the missing approaches for WCEC bounds, the domain of worst-case analyses generally faces the problem that the accuracy and validity of reported analysis bounds are unknown: Since the actual worst-case resource consumption of existing benchmark programs cannot be automatically determined, a comprehensive validation of these program analysis tools is not possible.This summary of my dissertation addresses these problems by first describing a novel program analysis approach for WCEC bounds, which accounts for temporarily power-consuming devices, scheduling with fixed real-time priorities, synchronous task activations, and asynchronous interrupt service routines. Regarding the fundamental problem of validating worst-case tools, this dissertation presents a technique for automatically generating benchmark programs. The generator combines program patterns so that the worst-case resource consumption is available along with the generated benchmark. Knowledge about the actual worst-case resource demand then serves as the baseline for evaluating and validating program analysis tools. The fact the benchmark generator helped to reveal previously undiscovered software bugs in a widespread WCET tool for safety-critical systems underlines the relevance of such a structured testing technique.

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Section: Making Use Of Analysis Pessimism On System Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. The operating-system kernel EnOS supports the reliable operation of systems with both timing and energy constraints based on a priori knowledge of WCET and WCEC bounds [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems

Wägemann

2022

Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020

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“…In addition, our work does not require any extra hardware feature. As far as we know, there exists only one work [25] which proposed checkpointing based on WCEC. The work is a runtime kernel which schedules tasks based on the estimated WCEC.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compiler Optimizations for Safe Insertion of Checkpoints in Intermittently Powered Systems

Yarahmadi

Rohou

2020

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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A large and increasing number of Internet-of-Things devices are not equipped with batteries and harvest energy from their environment. Many of them cannot be physically accessed once they are deployed (embedded in civil engineering structures, sent in the atmosphere or deep in the oceans). When they run out of energy, they stop executing and wait until the energy level reaches a threshold. Programming such devices is challenging in terms of ensuring memory consistency and guaranteeing forward progress. Previous work has proposed to insert checkpoints in the program so that execution can resume from well-defined locations. In this work, we propose to define these checkpoint locations based on statically-computed worst-case energy consumption of code sections. We also apply classical compiler optimizations in order to decrease the required number of checkpoints at runtime. As our method is based upon worst-case energy consumption, we can guarantee memory consistency and forward progress.

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“…BY doing this, QuarkOS allows tasks to be executed on extremely small energy budgets. EnOS [30] is a kernel for energy-neutral systems. Energy-neutral systems rely on battery backups but function almost exclusively off harvested energy.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timely Execution on Intermittently Powered Batteryless Sensors

Hester¹,

Storer

Sorber

2017

Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems

137

126

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Tiny intermittently powered computers can monitor objects in hard to reach places maintenance free for decades by leaving batteries behind and surviving off energy harvested from the environmentavoiding the cost of replacing and disposing of billions or trillions of dead batteries. However, creating programs for these sensors is difficult. Energy harvesting is inconsistent, energy storage is scarce, and batteryless sensors can lose power at any point in timecausing volatile memory, execution progress, and time to reset. In response to these disruptions, developers must write unwieldy programs attempting to protect against failures, instead of focusing on sensing goals, defining tasks, and generating useful data in a timely manner. To address these shortcomings, we have designed Mayfly, a language and runtime for timely execution of sensing tasks on tiny, intermittently-powered, energy harvesting sensing devices. Mayfly is a coordination language and runtime built on top of Embedded-C that combines intermittent execution fragments to form coherent sensing schedules-maintaining forward progress, data consistency, data freshness, and data utility across multiple power failures. Mayfly makes the passing of time explicit, binding data to the time it was gathered, and keeping track of data and time through power failures. We evaluated Mayfly against state-of-the art systems, conducted a user study, and implemented multiple real world applications across application domains in inventory tracking, and wearables. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Embedded systems; Architectures; • Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mobile computing systems and tools; • Software and its engineering → Context specific languages;

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A Kernel for Energy-Neutral Real-Time Systems with Mixed Criticalities

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems

Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems

Compiler Optimizations for Safe Insertion of Checkpoints in Intermittently Powered Systems

Timely Execution on Intermittently Powered Batteryless Sensors

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