A Katanin-Like Protein Regulates Normal Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Cell Elongation

Burk, David H.; Liu, Bo; Zhong, Ruiqin; Morrison, W. H.; Ye, Zheng‐Hua

doi:10.2307/3871342

Cited by 176 publications

(267 citation statements)

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“…Because thick fiber walls constitute a major fraction of total wall materials in mature stems, it was expected that any significant change in fiber wall composition should be detected by analyzing the cell wall composition of stems, as demonstrated in irx and fra2 mutants (Turner and Somerville, 1997;Burk et al, 2001). Quantitative analysis of crystalline cellulose in mature stems of fra1 did not show any reduction in cellulose amount compared with the wild type.…”

Section: Cell Wall Composition In the Fra1 Mutantmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Kinesin-Like Protein Is Essential for Oriented Deposition of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cell Wall Strength

et al. 2002

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Cortical microtubules have long been hypothesized to regulate the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils. However, the molecular mechanisms of how microtubules direct the orientation of cellulose microfibril deposition are not known. We have used fibers in the inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis to study secondary wall deposition and cell wall strength and found a fragile fiber ( fra1 ) mutant with a dramatic reduction in the mechanical strength of fibers. The fra1 mutation did not cause any defects in cell wall composition, secondary wall thickening, or cortical microtubule organization in fiber cells. An apparent alteration was found in the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in fra1 fiber walls, indicating that the reduced mechanical strength of fra1 fibers probably was attributable to altered cellulose microfibril deposition. The FRA1 gene was cloned and found to encode a kinesin-like protein with an N-terminal microtubule binding motor domain. The FRA1 protein was shown to be concentrated around the periphery of the cytoplasm but absent in the nucleus. Based on these findings, we propose that the FRA1 kinesin-like protein is involved in the microtubule control of cellulose microfibril order.

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Section: Cell Wall Composition In the Fra1 Mutantmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Kinesin-Like Protein Is Essential for Oriented Deposition of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cell Wall Strength

et al. 2002

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“…Existing genetic and pharmacological data indicate that microtubules are involved in lobe formation (Burk et al, 2001;Whittington et al, 2001;Qiu et al, 2002;ElDin El-Assal et al, 2004;Ambrose et al, 2007;Armour et al, 2015); however, the details of how microtubules pattern the cell are under debate (Panteris and Galatis, 2005;Xu et al, 2010;Szymanski, 2014). A growth restriction model for lobe initiation includes a component in which anticlinal microtubule bundles persist for extended periods of time prior to a symmetry-breaking event generating local cell wall thickening, and this local thickening resists strain and leads to adjacent cell outgrowth and lobe initiation (Panteris and Galatis, 2005).…”

Section: Development Of An Image-analysis Pipeline To Test For Correlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessing the Roles of PIN Proteins and Anticlinal Microtubules during Pavement Cell Morphogenesis

et al. 2017

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The leaf epidermis is a biomechanical shell that influences the size and shape of the organ. Its morphogenesis is a multiscale process in which nanometer-scale cytoskeletal protein complexes, individual cells, and groups of cells pattern growth and define macroscopic leaf traits. Interdigitated growth of neighboring cells is an evolutionarily conserved developmental strategy. Understanding how signaling pathways and cytoskeletal proteins pattern cell walls during this form of tissue morphogenesis is an important research challenge. The cellular and molecular control of a lobed cell morphology is currently thought to involve PIN-FORMED (PIN)-type plasma membrane efflux carriers that generate subcellular auxin gradients. Auxin gradients were proposed to function across cell boundaries to encode stable offset patterns of cortical microtubules and actin filaments between adjacent cells. Many models suggest that long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal cell wall generate local cell wall heterogeneities that restrict local growth and specify the timing and location of lobe formation. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reverse genetics and multivariate long-term time-lapse imaging to test current cell shape control models. We found that neither PIN proteins nor long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal wall predict the patterns of lobe formation. In fields of lobing cells, anticlinal microtubules are not correlated with cell shape and are unstable at the time scales of cell expansion. Our analyses indicate that anticlinal microtubules have multiple functions in pavement cells and that lobe initiation is likely controlled by complex interactions among cell geometry, cell wall stress patterns, and transient microtubule networks that span the anticlinal and periclinal walls.Plant leaves are thin, mechanically durable organs. Their size and shape influence the efficiency of photosynthetic light capture and strongly influence crop yield (Zhu et al., 2010). The growth properties of the leaf epidermis can influence the morphology of the organ (Savaldi-Goldstein et al., 2007); therefore, there is a strong desire to understand how the division and growth of epidermal cells contribute to polarized growth at the level of tissues and organs. In the plant kingdom, an undulating cell shape is commonly generated in the leaf epidermis as polyhedral cells exit the cell division cycle and undergo an extended phase of polarized expansion (Panteris et al., 1993;Panteris and Galatis, 2005;Andriankaja et al., 2012). Interdigitated growth may give the leaf mechanical stability (Onoda et al., 2015;Sahaf and Sharon, 2016) and/or influence polarized growth at spatial scales that extend beyond that of individual cells (Elsner et al., 2012;Remmler and Rolland-Lagan, 2012).The biomechanics of the lobing process is complex. As in all other plant cell types, turgor pressure provides the driving force for pavement cell morphogenesis, and the physical connectivity of adjacent cells strongly influences the resulting mechanical stre...

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“…Reduced trichome branching and pavement cell morphogenesis defects have often been associated with microtubule cytoskeleton defects (Burk et al, 2001;Kirik et al, 2002aKirik et al, , 2002bFu et al, 2005Fu et al, , 2009. To test if the PM-TON2 construct caused changes in microtubule cytoskeleton organization, we introduced the YFP:TUA5 microtubule marker into PM-TON2 plants.…”

Section: Plasma Membrane Targeting Of Ton2 Changes Cell Shape and Micmentioning

confidence: 99%

TONNEAU2/FASS Regulates the Geometry of Microtubule Nucleation and Cortical Array Organization in Interphase Arabidopsis Cells

2012

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Organization of microtubules into ordered arrays involves spatial and temporal regulation of microtubule nucleation. Here, we show that acentrosomal microtubule nucleation in plant cells involves a previously unknown regulatory step that determines the geometry of microtubule nucleation. Dynamic imaging of interphase cortical microtubules revealed that the ratio of branching to in-bundle microtubule nucleation on cortical microtubules is regulated by the Arabidopsis thaliana B99 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, which is encoded by the TONNEAU2/FASS (TON2) gene. The probability of nucleation from g-tubulin complexes localized at the cell cortex was not affected by a loss of TON2 function, suggesting a specific role of TON2 in regulating the nucleation geometry. Both loss of TON2 function and ectopic targeting of TON2 to the plasma membrane resulted in defects in cell shape, suggesting the importance of TON2-mediated regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton in cell morphogenesis. Loss of TON2 function also resulted in an inability for cortical arrays to reorient in response to light stimulus, suggesting an essential role for TON2 and microtubule branching nucleation in reorganization of microtubule arrays. Our data establish TON2 as a regulator of interphase microtubule nucleation and provide experimental evidence for a novel regulatory step in the process of microtubule-dependent nucleation.

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A Katanin-Like Protein Regulates Normal Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Cell Elongation

Cited by 176 publications

References 0 publications

A Kinesin-Like Protein Is Essential for Oriented Deposition of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cell Wall Strength

A Kinesin-Like Protein Is Essential for Oriented Deposition of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cell Wall Strength

Reassessing the Roles of PIN Proteins and Anticlinal Microtubules during Pavement Cell Morphogenesis

TONNEAU2/FASS Regulates the Geometry of Microtubule Nucleation and Cortical Array Organization in Interphase Arabidopsis Cells

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