A kabuli chickpea ideotype

Abstract

The concept of ‘crop ideotype’ is coined as a desirable plant model expected to better perform for seed yield, oils and other useful characteristics when developed as a cultivar, and it consists of two major approaches, namely, (i) ‘defect elimination’, that is, integration of disease resistance to a susceptible genotype from a resistant genotype and (ii) ‘selection for yield’ by improving yield after crosses between desirable parents. For consideration of these approaches, here we introduced an ideotype in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which is high-yielding, extra-large-seeded, and double- or multi-podded, has high plant height and imparipinnate-leafed traits, and is heat tolerant and resistant to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.], which causes considerable yield losses, via marker-assisted selection. F3 and F4 lines were evaluated for agro-morphological traits divided into six classes, namely, (i) imparipinnate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (ii) imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (iii) imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded progeny, (iv) unifoliolate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (v) unifoliolate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (vi) unifoliolate-leafed and multi-podded progeny. F3:4 lines having 100-seed weight ≥ 45 g and double- or multi-podded traits were additionally assessed for resistance to ascochyta blight using molecular markers including SCY17590 and CaETR-1. Superior lines having higher values than their best parents were determined for all studied traits indicating that economic and important traits including yield and seed size in chickpea could be improved by crossing suitable parents. Imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded plants had not only the highest number of pods and seeds per plant but also the highest yield. On the other hand, imparipinnate-leafed and single podded progeny had the largest seed size, followed by imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny. Multi-podded plants produced 23% more seed yield than that of single-podded plants, while multi-podded plants attained 7.6% more seed yield than that of double-podded plants. SCY17590 and CaETR-1 markers located on LG4 related to QTLAR2 and QTLAR1 were found in 14 lines among 152 F3:4 lines. Six superior lines were selected for being double- or multi-podded, imparipinnate-leafed, suitable for combine harvest, heat-tolerant, and resistant to ascochyta blight, and having both of two resistance markers and extra-large seeds as high as 50–60 g per 100-seed weight. Resistance alleles from two different backgrounds for resistance to ascochyta blight were integrated with double- or multi-podded kabuli chickpea lines having high yield, extra-large seeds, high plant height, imparipinnate-leaves and high heat tolerance, playing a crucial role for future demands of population and food security. These approaches seem to be applicable in ideotype breeding for other important crop plants.

Identification of promising chickpea interspecific derivatives for agro-morphological and major biotic traits

“…Erskine ( 1997 ) also reported the independent role of temperature and day length in determining the onset of ontogenesis in lentil. There were substantial variations with respect to plant height, the number of branches, seed number, and seed yield suggesting a good opportunity for selecting desirable ideotypes carrying important trait of interest (Eker et al, 2022 ). Further, hybrid vigor has also opened an era of genetic amelioration of crop plants and is often described as heterosis breeding.…”

Advantage of Multiple Pods and Compound Leaf in Kabuli Chickpea under Heat Stress Conditions

“…Similarly, there are three leaf forms for cultivated chickpeas, including compound, simple, and multipinnate (Figure 1), and the most commonly used varieties in agricultural production have a compound leaf form. With the introduction of simple-leafed chickpea varieties at the end of the 1990s [29,30], many studies were conducted on the agricultural importance of leaf shape in chickpeas [19,20,34,41]. Compound-leafed chickpeas were more advantageous in terms of seed yield than that of simple-leafed chickpeas under high temperature stress.…”

“…Plants from F 3 and F 4 populations were advanced from intraspecific crosses between PI 631078 simple-leafed (unifoliolate) and single-podded [39], and PI 632396 compoundleafed (imparipinnate) and double-podded [40]. According to the mentioned intraspecific crosses, six different architectural groups have been recognized [34,41], namely (i) singlepod and compound leaf, (ii) single-pod and simple leaf, (iii) double-pods and compound leaf, (iv) double-pods and simple leaf, (v) multi-pods and compound leaf, and (vi) multipods and simple leaf. Detailed information about parents and checks, including ILC 3279, ILC 1929, ICC 12004, ILC 482, and ILC 72, is provided in Table 1.…”

“…For agro-morphological traits, plant height (PH) was recorded as cm from the ground to top of the plant, while the number of pods (PP) and seeds (SP) were counted as the total number of pods and seeds per plant, respectively. Seed yield (SY) was weighted as the total weight of a single plant after harvest, whereas seed size (SW) was determined using the following formula [34,41]: 100 − seed weight (g) = Total seed weight per plant (g) Total number o f seeds per plant × 100…”

Wild Vicia Species Possess a Drought Tolerance System for Faba Bean Improvement

“…Various species of Vicia possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Parkinson, and antidiabetic potentials [ 9 ]. Its annual total production has been estimated as 14.2 Mt on cultivated land of 13.7 Mha; however, there are reports of a decreased global acreage and yield of faba bean since 1980 [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The yield of Vicia L. is reduced by deficiency of water, subjected at any stage of the life cycle; however, flowering, podding, and grain-filling phases are the most sensitive [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”